J

 


STEM CELLS, CLONING,
 and the
CATHOLIC CHURCH
 

 Enucleation of an oocyte

October 11, 2010

GERON (http): INTROD. STARTSTEM CELLSOLIGODENDROCYTEFINIS


 

 

EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

 

 



 

 

CLONING EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

 

 


Figure 1. Comparison of Normal Development with Development during Reproductive Cloning and Therapeutic Cloning.


 

 

ADULT STEM CELLS

 

 


Figure 3-5 Stem-cell niches in various tissues. A, Epidermal stem cells located in the bulge area of the hair follicle serve as a stem cells for the hair follicle and the epidermis. B, Intestinal stem cells are located at the base of a colon crypt, above Paneth cells. C, Liver stem cells (commonly known as oval cells) are located in the canals of Hering (thick arrow), structures that connect bile ductules (thin arrow) with parenchymal hepatocytes (bile duct and Hering canals are stained for cytokeratin 7; D, Corneal stem cells are located in the limbus region, between the conjunctiva and the cornea. courtesy of Tania Roskams, M.D., University of Leuven). (Courtesy of T-T Sun, New York University, New York, NY.) Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., Copyright © 2005 Saunders

Table 1. Adult Human Stem Cells and Their Primary Direction of Differentiation.

Cell Type

Tissue-Specific Location

Cells or Tissues Produced

Hematopoietic

Bone marrow, peripheral blood

Bone marrow and blood lymphohematopoetic cells

Mesenchymal stem cell

Bone marrow, peripheral blood

Bone, cartilage, tendon, adipose tissue, muscle, marrow stroma, neural cells

Neural stem cells

Ependymal cells, astrocytes (subventricular zone) of the CNS

Neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes

Hepatic stem cells

In or near the terminal bile ductules (canals of Hering)

Oval cells that subsequently generate hepatocytes and ductular cells

Pancreatic Stem cells

Intra-islet Nestin positive cells, oval cells, duct cells

Beta cells

Skeletal muscle Stem cells

Muscle fibers

Skeletal muscle fibers

Stem cells of the skin (keratinocytes)

Basal layer of the epidermis, bulge zone of the hair follicles

Epidermis, hair follicles

Epithelial stem cells of the lung

Tracheal basal and mucus-secreting cells, bronciolar Clara cells, alveolar Type II pneumocyte

Mucous and ciliated cells, type I and II pneumocytes

Stem cells of the intestinal epithelium

Epithelial cells located around the base of each crypt

Paneth’s cells, brush-border enterocytes, mucus secreting goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells

BLOOD CELLS

 

 

CANCERS and STEM CELLS

Figure 8-2 Target cells for neoplastic transformation. In many tissues in which cancers arise, the stem cells are the only long-lived cells and are the only cells capable of self-renewal. Because they are already are capable of extensive self-renewal, they are good targets for neoplastic transformation. Dysregulation of the self-renewal process may be simpler in these cells than in progenitor cells that lack this ability. In order for progenitor cells to undergo malignant transformation, they must acquire the ability to undergo extensive self-renewal as a result of oncogenic mutations.  Abeloff: Clinical Oncology, 3rd ed., Copyright © 2004 Churchill Livingstone,


 

 

ALTERED NUCLEAR TRANSFER-
O
OCYTE ASSISTED REPROGRAMMING

 

 


Somatic cell nuclear transfer of nucleus capable ONLY of becoming pleuripotent cells - NOT a human embryo

 

 


 

 

INDUCED PLEURIPOTENT STEM CELLS