Introduction to Asceticism

1) Liddell and Scott. An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1889.ISBN: 0199102066; 2) Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by. Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford. Clarendon Press. 1940.ISBN: 0198642261;

1. goodness, excellence, of any kind, esp. of manly qualities, manhood, valour, prowess, Hom., Hdt. [1like Lat. vir-tus, from vir / man]; [2. rank, nobility, Theogn., Eur.]

3. in Prose, generally, goodness, excellence in any art, Plat., etc.; of animals or things, Hdt., attic.

4. in moral sense, goodness, virtue, Plat., etc.:--also character for virtue, merit, Eur., etc.

1. badness in quality, opp. to ἀρετή / aretē, excellence, pl. defects, Luc.

AS ἀρετή / aretē is not used in the New Testament in the sense of the Stoic doctrine of virtue, so κακία / kakía is not used in the sense of the Greek doctrine of vice. [...] κακία is a force which destroys fellowship.

Walter Grundmann ,Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, G. Kittel, tr. G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, . Eerdmans: Grand Rapids, MI

	REASON
	*logistikon / hegemonikon* nous / logos / intellectus *contemplative faculty* PRUDENCE/phronēsis
DESIRE *epithumetikon* *epithumia* concupiscientia *longing* TEMPERANCE/sophrosunē		STRENGTH thumikon (thumoeidos) passionate, spirited irascible / orectic *courage / zeal* COURAGE/andrea
	JUSTICE/dikaiosunē [dianoia/ratio]?

OF the nature of the soul, [...] let me speak briefly, and in a figure.	[...] ταύτῃ οὖν λέγωμεν.
And let the figure be composite - a pair of winged horses and a charioteer. [...]	ἐοικέτω δὴ συμφύτῳ δυνάμει ὑποπτέρου ζεύγους τε καὶ ἡνιόχου.
the human charioteer drives his in a pair; and one of them is noble and of noble breed, and the other is ignoble and of ignoble breed;and the driving of them of necessity gives a great deal of trouble to him. *(Phaedrus* 246a; Hofstadter & Kuhns; Harv. U. Press, 1964, p. 57)**	καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἡμῶν ὁ ἄρχων συνωρίδος ἡνιοχεῖ͵ εἶτα τῶν ἵππων ὁ μὲν αὐτῷ καλός τε καὶ ἀγαθὸς καὶ ἐκ τοιούτων͵ ὁ δ΄ ἐξ ἐναντίων τε καὶ ἐναντίος·

In the conflict of the soul, spirit (thumoeidos) is arrayed on the side of the rational principle (logistikon) [...]	^440.e.6 θυμοειδοῦς [...] αὐτὸ ἐν τῇ τῆς ψυχῆς στάσει τίθεσθαι τὰ ὅπλα πρὸς τὸ λογιστικόν.
Ought not the rational principle, which is wise and has the care of the whole soul, to rule, and the passionate or spirited principle (thumoeidos) to be the subject or ally?	^441.e.4-6 Οὐκοῦν τῷ μὲν λογιστικῷ ἄρχειν προσήκει͵ σοφῷ ὄντι καὶ ἔχοντι τὴν ὑπὲρ ἁπάσης τῆς ψυχῆς προμήθειαν͵ τῷ δὲ θυμοειδεῖ ὑπηκόῳ εἶναι καὶ συμμάχῳ τούτου;
And these two, thus nourished and educated will rule over the concupiscent (epithumetikon), which is in each of us the largest part of the soul and insatiable of gain. *(Republic* IV 440-442; pp. 704-706)**	Καὶ τούτω δὴ οὕτω τραφέντε καὶ ὡς ἀληθῶς τὰ αὑτῶν μαθόντε καὶ παιδευθέντε προστήσεσθον τοῦ ἐπιθυμητικοῦὃ δὴ πλεῖστον τῆς ψυχῆς ἐν ἑκάστῳ ἐστὶ καὶ χρημάτων φύσει ἀπληστότατονὃ τηρήσετον

Safety and security consists in marking the upper doorpost and the side posts of the entrance with the blood of the lamb.

^2.95.11-13 Φυλακὴ δέ ἐστι καὶ ἀσφάλεια τὸ τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀμνοῦ τήν τε φλιὰν καὶ τοὺς σταθμοὺς τῆς εἰσόδου κατασημήνεσθαι.

While in this way Scripture gives us through symbols a scientific understanding of the nature of the soul, secular learning also places it before the mind, dividing the soul into the rational (logistikon), the appetitive (epithumetikon), and the spirited (thumikon). Of these parts we are told below that the spirit and the appetite are placed below, supporting on each side the intellectual part of the soul, while the rational aspect (logos) is joined to both so as to keep them together and to be held up by them, being trained for courage by the spirit (thumos) and elevated to the participation in the Good (metousian tou agathou) by the appetite (epithumia).

^2.96.Ταῦτα περὶ ψυχῆς ἡμῖν φυσιολογοῦντος δι΄ αἰνιγμάτων τοῦ λόγου͵ καὶ ἡ ἔξωθεν παίδευσις ἐφαντάσθη͵ διαιροῦσα τὴν ψυχὴν εἴς τε τὸ λογιστικὸν καὶ ἐπιθυμητικὸν καὶ θυμοειδές. Ἐκ τούτων δὲ τὸν θυμὸν μὲν καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ὑποβεβηκέναι φασίν͵ ἑκατέρωθεν τὸ διανοητικὸν τῆς ψυχῆς ὑπερείδοντας͵ τὸν δὲ λογισμὸν ἀμφοτέροις ἐπεζευγμένον συνέχειν τε αὐτοὺς καὶ ὑπ΄ ἐκείνων ἀνέχεσθαι͵ πρὸς μὲν ἀνδρείαν τῷ θυμῷ στομούμενον͵ πρὸς δὲ τὴν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μετουσίαν δι΄ ἐπιθυμίας ὑψούμενον.

As long, therefore, as the soul is kept safe in this manner, maintaining its firmness by virtuous thoughts as if by bolts, all the parts cooperate with one another for good. The rational for its part furnishes safety to its supports, and in its turn receives from them an equal benefit.

The Life of Moses II, 95-97, Meyendorf tr.
CWS (Paulist 1978), pp. 76-77

^2.97.῞εως ἂν οὖν ἡ ψυχὴ τῷ σχήματι τούτῳ κατησφαλισμένη τύχῃ͵ καθάπερ τισὶ γόμφοις τοῖς κατ΄ ἀρετὴν νοήμασι τὸ βέβαιον ἔχουσα͵ ἐν πᾶσι δι΄ ἀλλήλων γίνεται ἡ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν συνεργία͵ παρέχοντος ἤδη δι΄ ἑαυτοῦ τοῖς ὑποβεβηκόσι τοῦ λογισμοῦ τὴν ἀσφάλειαν καὶ ἐν τῷ μέρει παρ΄ ἐκείνων τὴν ἴσην χάριν ἀντιλαμβάνοντος.

VIRTUES
prudence

MIND (Reason)

nous / logos / intellectus

VICES
pride

understanding
wisdom
humility
[justice]
[dianoia/ratio]?

vainglory
ignorance

VIRTUE

versus

VICE

Prudence

Temperance

Courage

Justice

Ignorance

Lust

Cowardice

Injustice

This Webpage was created for a workshop held at Saint Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, California in 2003....x.... ’ “”.

*Rashness*	*Courage*	Cowardice
	▲

*Self-Indulgence*	*Temperance*	*Insensibility*
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*Boastfulness*	*Truthfulness*	*False Modesty*
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VIRTUES	VICES	VIRTUES	VICES
abstinence temperance almsgiving	gluttony lust avarice	courage endurance zeal enthusiasm	cowardice anger dejection acedia