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San Gabriel Mission Saint Junipero Serra, , OFM Alc. |
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San Gabriel Mission Saint Junipero Serra, , OFM Alc. |
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WHILE the Spanish Crown and colonial governors envisioned the missions as centers where indigenous people would be molded into obedient citizens of the Spanish Empire, the Mission Fathers saw the Indians as souls to be saved. Conflict was inevitable between “enlightened” politicians who desired rational obedient citizens, and devout missionaries fired with zeal for Christian evangelization and holiness. Once freed by revolution from Imperial Spain in 1821, Mexican governors forced premature secularization of the missions, distributing the land to settlers. The discovery of gold in 1849 wrested California from Mexico and flooded the state with U.S. immigrants. The Catholic Church in California inherited and has struggled with the resulting conflict for more than two centuries.
1660-1850: CALIFORNIA MISSIONS and REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES
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║INN. XI║ CLEM XIV║ PIUS VI ║ PIUS VII ║L.12/P.8║ GR.XVI ║ AM.REV. FR.REV. NAP.WARS REV. CIV.WAR
JANSENISM GALLICANISM REGALISM JOSEPHISM ║ 1769 - NAPOLEON BONAPARTE - 1821 ║
PUEBLO REVOLT 1773-JESUIT SUPPRESSION-1814 MEX-AM.WAR 1780-'92 MEX.IDEP. SECULAR' 46'48 JESUITS 1821 '33-'36` EXPELLED 1764 '68 MISSIONS'84 ║'34-RANCHOS-'49║ ║ 1713 ― Junípero SERRA, OFM Alc. ― 1784 ║1785-Franc.García Diego y MORENO, O.F.M-1846║
║ 1736 - Fermín Francisco de LASUÉN, OFM - 1803 ║ Bp.'40-'46 '84-MISSIONS-'03 ║1808 ―――― NAPOLEON III ―――― 1873 ║
║ 1743 ――― Thomas JEFFERSON ――― 1826 ║ ' ║ 1694 ――― VOLTAIRE ―――― 1778 ║ ║ 1711 ――― David HUME ――― 1776 ║ ║ 1809 ― Charles DARWIN ― 1882 ║ ║ 1712 ― Jean-Jacques ROUSSEAU ― 1778 ║ 1632 - John LOCKE - 1704 ║ ║ 1724 ――― Immanuel KANT ――― 1804 ║ 1642 ― Isaac NEWTON ― 1727 ║ ║ 1749 ― Pierre-Simon LAPLACE ― 1827 ║ ║ 1672 - Emperor PETER I (The Great) -1725 ║ ║ 1741―Emperor JOSEPH II―1790 ║ '38 –– LOUIS XIV –– 1715 ║ 1715 –– LOUIS XV –– 1774 ║'74 LOUIS XVI '92║ CHARLES II |JII| WM.III | ANN |GEO. I | GEORGE II | GEORGE III |G. IV |WMIV| VICTORIA | 1660-1685 85-88 89-02 02-14 14-27 1727―1760 1760 ― 1820 20-30 30-37 1837 ― 1901
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FROM
1749 the general Spanish plan for missionization envisioned that
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[1] after about ten years of that experience Indian people would be ready to live on their own.
[2]The mission would be secularized and become a doctrina, or proto-parish, because it would become a place where Indians would recite the doctrina on their own, without the mission’s total immersion.
[3] Becoming a doctrina meant that the mission lands the priests had held in trust for their wards would be given over to the Indians to form a pueblo or town.
[4] Missionaries would move on to create new missions in other parts of the frontier and secular clergy would replace them.
[5] Religious property then would be reduced to the church buildings and priestly living quarters.
Spanish settlers, however, had a different goal. They wanted the civil authorities who would dispose of the land to grant them large tracts and give Indians small plots for personal use, thereby forcing the former neophytes to labor for the newly land-rich settlers.
Converting California, Indians and Franciscans in the Missions, James A. Sandos, ch 5. Serra Refuses to Turn Back, pp, 70-73.
"IN 1821, after eleven years of armed conflict, Mexico was declared independent of Spain. Fanned by an anticlerical strain in the Enlightenment, Mexican independence was the death knell of the California mission."
This Webpage was created for a workshop held at Saint Andrew's Abbey, Valyermo, California in 2014
