PARADISO § 1-4
THE MOON 
 

 Mandelbaum Translation; Wicksteed (1899) commentary


CANTO 2;   CANTO 3;   CANTO 4
1.73-84, Celest.Music;    4.51-87, PlanetsInfluence.


 

 

 

 

CANTO 1
(Music of the Spheres)

 

 

 

 

 

[...] Dante sees Beatrice gazing at the sun and instinctively imitates her gesture, looking away from her and straight at the sun. The light glows as though God had made a second sun, and Dante now turns once more to Beatrice who is gazing heavenward. As he looks his human nature is transmuted to the quality of heaven and he knows not whether he is still in the flesh. They pass through the sphere of fire and hear the harmonies of heaven, but Dante is bewildered because he does not know they have left the earth, and when enlightened by Beatrice he is still perplexed to know how he can rise, despite gravity. Beatrice, pitying the confusion of his earthly mind, explains  the law of universal (material and spiritual) gravitation. All things seek their true place, and in the orderly movement thereto, and rest therein, consists the likeness of the universe to God. Man's place is God, and to rise to him is therefore natural to man. It is departing from him that (like fire darting downwards) is the anomaly that requires explanation.

 

 

THE glory of the One who moves all things
permeates the universe and glows
in one part more and in another less.

La gloria di colui che tutto move
per l’universo penetra, e risplende
in una parte più e meno altrove.
1.3

I was within the heaven that receives
more of His light; and I saw things that he
who from that height descends, forgets or can

Nel ciel che più de la sua luce prende
fu’ io, e vidi cose che ridire
né sa né può chi di là sù discende;
1.6

not speak; for nearing its desired end,
our intellect sinks into an abyss
so deep that memory fails to follow it.

perché appressando sé al suo disire,
nostro intelletto si profonda tanto,
che dietro la memoria non può ire.
1.9

Nevertheless, as much as I, within
my mind, could treasure of the holy kingdom
shall now become the matter of my song.

Veramente quant’io del regno santo
ne la mia mente potei far tesoro,
sarà ora materia del mio canto.
1.12

O good Apollo, for this final task
make me the vessel of your excellence,
what you, to merit your loved laurel, ask.

O buono Appollo, a l’ultimo lavoro
fammi del tuo valor sì fatto vaso,
come dimandi a dar l’amato alloro.
1.15

Until this point, one of Parnassus’ peaks
sufficed for me; but now I face the test
the agon that is left; I need both crests.

Infino a qui l’un giogo di Parnaso
assai mi fu; ma or con amendue
m’è uopo intrar ne l’aringo rimaso.
1.18

Enter into my breast; within me breathe
the very power you made manifest
when you drew Marsyas out from his limbs’ sheath.

Entra nel petto mio, e spira tue
sì come quando Marsia traesti
de la vagina de le membra sue.
1.21

O godly force, if you so lend yourself
to me, that I might show the shadow of
the blessed realm inscribed within my mind,

O divina virtù, se mi ti presti
tanto che l’ombra del beato regno
segnata nel mio capo io manifesti,
1.24

then you would see me underneath the tree
you love; there I shall take as crown the leaves
of which my theme and you shall make me worthy.

vedra’mi al piè del tuo diletto legno
venire, e coronarmi de le foglie
che la materia e tu mi farai degno.
1.27

So seldom, father, are those garlands gathered
for triumph of a ruler or a poet-
a sign of fault or shame in human wills-

Sì rade volte, padre, se ne coglie
per triunfare o cesare o poeta,
colpa e vergogna de l’umane voglie,
1.30

that when Peneian branches can incite
someone to long and thirst for them, delight
must fill the happy Delphic deity.

che parturir letizia in su la lieta
delfica deità dovria la fronda
peneia, quando alcun di sé asseta.
1.033

Great fire can follow a small spark: there may
be better voices after me to pray
to Cyrrha’s god for aid-that he may answer.

Poca favilla gran fiamma seconda:
forse di retro a me con miglior voci
si pregherà perché Cirra risponda.
1.036

The lantern of the world approaches mortals
by varied paths; but on that way which links
four circles with three crosses, it emerges

Surge ai mortali per diverse foci
la lucerna del mondo; ma da quella
che quattro cerchi giugne con tre croci,
1.039

joined to a better constellation and
along a better course, and it can temper
and stamp the world’s wax more in its own manner.

con miglior corso e con migliore stella
esce congiunta, e la mondana cera
più a suo modo tempera e suggella.
1.042

Its entry from that point of the horizon
brought morning there and evening here; almost
all of that hemisphere was white-while ours

Fatto avea di là mane e di qua sera
tal foce, e quasi tutto era là bianco
quello emisperio, e l’altra parte nera,
1.045

was dark-when I saw Beatrice turn round
and left, that she might see the sun; no eagle
has ever stared so steadily at it.

quando Beatrice in sul sinistro fianco
vidi rivolta e riguardar nel sole:
aquila sì non li s’affisse unquanco.
1.048

And as a second ray will issue from the
first and reascend, much like a pilgrim
who seeks his home again, so on her action,

E sì come secondo raggio suole
uscir del primo e risalire in suso,
pur come pelegrin che tornar vuole,
1.051

fed by my eyes to my imagination,
my action drew, and on the sun I set
my sight more than we usually do.

così de l’atto suo, per li occhi infuso
ne l’imagine mia, il mio si fece,
e fissi li occhi al sole oltre nostr’uso.
1.054

More is permitted to our powers there
than is permitted here, by virtue of
that place, made for mankind as its true home.

Molto è licito là, che qui non lece
a le nostre virtù, mercé del loco
fatto per proprio de l’umana spece.
1.057

I did not bear it long, but not so briefly
as not to see it sparkling round about,
like molten iron emerging from the fire;

Io nol soffersi molto, né sì poco,
ch’io nol vedessi sfavillar dintorno,
com’ferro che bogliente esce del foco;
1.060

and suddenly it seemed that day had been
added to day, as if the One who can
had graced the heavens with a second sun.

e di sùbito parve giorno a giorno
essere aggiunto, come quei che puote
avesse il ciel d’un altro sole addorno.
1.063

The eyes of Beatrice were all intent
on the eternal circles; from the sun,
I turned aside; I set my eyes on her.

Beatrice tutta ne l’etterne rote
fissa con li occhi stava; e io in lei
le luci fissi, di là sù rimote.
1.066

In watching her, within me I was changed
as Glaucus changed, tasting the herb that made
him a companion of the other sea gods.

Nel suo aspetto tal dentro mi fei,
qual si fé Glauco nel gustar de l’erba
che ‘l fé consorto in mar de li altri dèi.
1.069

Passing beyond the human cannot be
worded; let Glaucus serve as simile -
until grace grant you the experience.

Trasumanar significar per verba
non si poria; però l’essemplo basti
a cui esperienza grazia serba.
1.072

music of the spheres

 

The Celestial Music and the Light

 

Whether I only was the part of me
that You created last, You - governing
the heavens - know: it was Your light that raised me.

S’i’ era sol di me quel che creasti
novellamente, amor che ‘l ciel governi,
tu ‘l sai, che col tuo lume mi levasti.
1.075

When that wheel which You make eternal through
the heavens’ longing for You drew me with
the harmony You temper and distinguish
,

Quando la rota che tu sempiterni
desiderato, a sé mi fece atteso
con l’armonia che temperi e discerni,
1.078

the fire of the sun then seemed to me
to kindle so much of the sky, that rain
or river never formed so broad a lake.

parvemi tanto allor del cielo acceso
de la fiamma del sol, che pioggia o fiume
lago non fece alcun tanto disteso.
1.081

The newness of the sound and the great light
incited me to learn their cause
- I was
more keen than I had ever been before.

La novità del suono e ‘l grande lume
di lor cagion m’accesero un disio
mai non sentito di cotanto acume.
1.084

And she who read me as I read myself,
to quiet the commotion in my mind,
opened her lips before I opened mine

Ond’ella, che vedea me sì com’io,
a quietarmi l’animo commosso,
pria ch’io a dimandar, la bocca aprio,
1.087

to ask, and she began: “You make yourself
obtuse with false imagining; you can
not see what you would see if you dispelled it.

e cominciò: «Tu stesso ti fai grosso
col falso imaginar, sì che non vedi
ciò che vedresti se l’avessi scosso.
1.090

You are not on the earth as you believe;
but lightning, flying from its own abode,
is less swift than you are, returning home.”

Tu non se’ in terra, sì come tu credi;
ma folgore, fuggendo il proprio sito,
non corse come tu ch’ad esso riedi».
1.093

While I was freed from my first doubt by these
brief words she smiled to me, I was yet caught
in new perplexity. I said: “I was

S’io fui del primo dubbio disvestito
per le sorrise parolette brevi,
dentro ad un nuovo più fu’ inretito,
1.096

content already; after such great wonder,
I rested. But again I wonder how
my body rises past these lighter bodies.”

e dissi: «Già contento requievi
di grande ammirazion; ma ora ammiro
com’io trascenda questi corpi levi».
1.099

At which, after a sigh of pity, she
settled her eyes on me with the same look
a mother casts upon a raving child,

Ond’ella, appresso d’un pio sospiro,
li occhi drizzò ver’ me con quel sembiante
che madre fa sovra figlio deliro,
1.12

and she began: “All things, among themselves,
possess an order; and this order is
the form that makes the universe like God.

e cominciò: «Le cose tutte quante
hanno ordine tra loro, e questo è forma
che l’universo a Dio fa simigliante.
1.105

Here do the higher beings see the imprint
of the Eternal Worth, which is the end
to which the pattern I have mentioned tends.

Qui veggion l’alte creature l’orma
de l’etterno valore, il qual è fine
al quale è fatta la toccata norma.
1.108

Within that order, every nature has
its bent, according to a different station,
nearer or less near to its origin.

Ne l’ordine ch’io dico sono accline
tutte nature, per diverse sorti,
più al principio loro e men vicine;
1.111

Therefore, these natures move to different ports
across the mighty sea of being, each
given the impulse that will bear it on.

onde si muovono a diversi porti
per lo gran mar de l’essere, e ciascuna
con istinto a lei dato che la porti.
1.114

This impulse carries fire to the moon;
this is the motive force in mortal creatures;
this binds the earth together, makes it one.

Questi ne porta il foco inver’ la luna;
questi ne’ cor mortali è permotore;
questi la terra in sé stringe e aduna;
1.117

Not only does the shaft shot from this bow
strike creatures lacking intellect, but those
who have intelligence, and who can love.

né pur le creature che son fore
d’intelligenza quest’arco saetta
ma quelle c’hanno intelletto e amore.
1.120

The Providence that has arrayed all this
forever quiets - with Its light-that heaven
in which the swiftest of the spheres revolves;

La provedenza, che cotanto assetta,
del suo lume fa ‘l ciel sempre quieto
nel qual si volge quel c’ha maggior fretta;
1.123

to there, as toward a destined place, we now
are carried by the power of the bow
that always aims its shaft at a glad mark.

e ora lì, come a sito decreto,
cen porta la virtù di quella corda
che ciò che scocca drizza in segno lieto.
1.126

Yet it is true that, even as a shape
may, often, not accord with art’s intent,
since matter may be unresponsive, deaf,

Vero è che, come forma non s’accorda
molte fiate a l’intenzion de l’arte,
perch’a risponder la materia è sorda,
1.129

so, from this course, the creature strays at times
because he has the power, once impelled,
to swerve elsewhere; as lightning from a cloud

così da questo corso si diparte
talor la creatura, c’ha podere
di piegar, così pinta, in altra parte;
1.132

is seen to fall, so does the first impulse,
when man has been diverted by false pleasure,
turn him toward earth. You should - if I am right -

e sì come veder si può cadere
foco di nube, sì l’impeto primo
l’atterra torto da falso piacere.
1.135

not feel more marvel at your climbing than
you would were you considering a stream
that from a mountain’s height falls to its base.

Non dei più ammirar, se bene stimo,
lo tuo salir, se non come d’un rivo
se d’alto monte scende giuso ad imo.
1.138

It would be cause for wonder in you if,
no longer hindered, you remained below,
as if, on earth, a living flame stood still.”

Maraviglia sarebbe in te se, privo
d’impedimento, giù ti fossi assiso,
com’a terra quiete in foco vivo».
1.141

Then she again turned her gaze heavenward.
 

Quinci rivolse inver’ lo cielo il viso. 1.142

Canto2

 

 

 

CANTO 2
 

 

 

 

 

 

Warning and promise to the reader, who shall see stranger things than when Jason sowed the dragon's teeth. They reach the moon and inconceivably penetrate into her substance without cleaving it, even as deity penetrated into humanity in Christ; which mystery shall in heaven be seen as axiomatic truth. Dante, dimly aware of the inadequacy of his science, questions Beatrice as to the dark patches on the moon which he had thought were due to rarity of substance. She explains that if such rarity pierced right through the moon in the dark parts, the sun would shine through them when eclipsed; and if not, the dense matter behind the rare would cast back the sun's light; and describes to him an experiment by which he may satisfy himself that in that case the light reflected from the dense matter at the surface and from that in the interior of the moon would be equally bright. She then explains that Dante has gone wrong and accepted a scientifically inadequate explanation, because he has not understood that all heavenly phenomena are direct utterances of God and of his Angels. The undivided power of God, differentiated through the various heavenly bodies and agencies, shines in the diverse quality and brightness of the fixed stars, of the planets and of the parts of the moon, as the vital principle manifests itself diversely in the several members of the body, and as joy beams through the pupil of the eye.

 

 

O YOU who are within your little bark,
eager to listen, following behind
my ship that, singing, crosses to deep seas,

O voi che siete in piccioletta barca,
desiderosi d’ascoltar, seguiti
dietro al mio legno che cantando varca,
2.3

turn back to see your shores again: do not
attempt to sail the seas I sail; you may,
by losing sight of me, be left astray.

tornate a riveder li vostri liti:
non vi mettete in pelago, ché forse,
perdendo me, rimarreste smarriti.
2.6

The waves I take were never sailed before;
Minerva breathes, Apollo pilots me,
and the nine Muses show to me the Bears.

L’acqua ch’io prendo già mai non si corse;
Minerva spira, e conducemi Appollo,
e nove Muse mi dimostran l’Orse.
2.9

You other few who turned your minds in time
unto the bread of angels, which provides
men here with life-but hungering for more-

Voialtri pochi che drizzaste il collo
per tempo al pan de li angeli, del quale
vivesi qui ma non sen vien satollo,
2.12

you may indeed commit your vessel to
the deep salt-sea, keeping your course within
my wake, ahead of where waves smooth again.

metter potete ben per l’alto sale
vostro navigio, servando mio solco
dinanzi a l’acqua che ritorna equale.
2.15

Those men of glory, those who crossed to Colchis,
when they saw Jason turn into a ploughman
were less amazed than you will be amazed.

Que’ gloriosi che passaro al Colco
non s’ammiraron come voi farete,
quando Iasón vider fatto bifolco.
2.18

The thirst that is innate and everlasting-
thirst for the godly realm-bore us away
as swiftly as the heavens that you see.

La concreata e perpetua sete
del deiforme regno cen portava
veloci quasi come ‘l ciel vedete.
2.21

Beatrice gazed upward. I watched her.
But in a span perhaps no longer than
an arrow takes to strike, to fly, to leave

Beatrice in suso, e io in lei guardava;
e forse in tanto in quanto un quadrel posa
e vola e da la noce si dischiava,
2.24

the bow, I reached a place where I could see
that something wonderful drew me; and she
from whom my need could not be hidden, turned

giunto mi vidi ove mirabil cosa
mi torse il viso a sé; e però quella
cui non potea mia cura essere ascosa,
2.27

to me (her gladness matched her loveliness):
“Direct your mind to God in gratefulness,”
she said; “He has brought us to the first star.”

volta ver’ me, sì lieta come bella,
«Drizza la mente in Dio grata», mi disse,
«che n’ha congiunti con la prima stella».
2.030

It seemed to me that we were covered by
a brilliant, solid, dense, and stainless cloud,
much like a diamond that the sun has struck.

Parev’a me che nube ne coprisse
lucida, spessa, solida e pulita,
quasi adamante che lo sol ferisse.
2.033

Into itself, the everlasting pearl
received us, just as water will accept
a ray of light and yet remain intact.

Per entro sé l’etterna margarita
ne ricevette, com’acqua recepe
raggio di luce permanendo unita.
2.036

If I was body (and on earth we can
not see how things material can share
one space-the case, when body enters body),

S’io era corpo, e qui non si concepe
com’una dimensione altra patio,
ch’esser convien se corpo in corpo repe,
2.039

then should our longing be still more inflamed
to see that Essence in which we discern
how God and human nature were made one.

accender ne dovrìa più il disio
di veder quella essenza in che si vede
come nostra natura e Dio s’unio.
2.042

What we hold here by faith, shall there be seen,
not demonstrated but directly known,
even as the first truth that man believes.

Lì si vedrà ciò che tenem per fede,
non dimostrato, ma fia per sé noto
a guisa del ver primo che l’uom crede.
2.045

I answered: “With the most devotion I
can summon, I thank Him who has brought me
far from the mortal world. But now tell me:

Io rispuosi: «Madonna, sì devoto
com’esser posso più, ringrazio lui
lo qual dal mortal mondo m’ha remoto.
2.048

what are the dark marks on this planet’s body
that there below, on earth, have made men tell
the tale of Cain?” She smiled somewhat, and then

Ma ditemi: che son li segni bui
di questo corpo, che là giuso in terra
fan di Cain favoleggiare altrui?».
2.051

she said: “If the opinion mortals hold
falls into error when the senses’ key
cannot unlock the truth, you should not be

Ella sorrise alquanto, e poi «S’elli erra
l’oppinion», mi disse, «d’i mortali
dove chiave di senso non diserra,
2.054

struck by the arrows of amazement once
you recognize that reason, even when
supported by the senses, has short wings.

certo non ti dovrien punger li strali
d’ammirazione omai, poi dietro ai sensi
vedi che la ragione ha corte l’ali.
2.057

But tell me what you think of it yourself.”
And I: “What seems to us diverse up here
is caused-I think-by matter dense and rare.”

Ma dimmi quel che tu da te ne pensi».
E io: «Ciò che n’appar qua sù diverso
credo che fanno i corpi rari e densi».
2.060

And she: “You certainly will see that your
belief is deeply sunk in error if
you listen carefully as I rebut it.

Ed ella: «Certo assai vedrai sommerso
nel falso il creder tuo, se bene ascolti
l’argomentar ch’io li farò avverso.
2.063

The eighth sphere offers many lights to you,
and you can tell that they, in quality
and size, are stars with different visages.

La spera ottava vi dimostra molti
lumi, li quali e nel quale e nel quanto
notar si posson di diversi volti.
2.066

If rarity and density alone
caused this, then all the stars would share one power
distributed in lesser, greater, or

Se raro e denso ciò facesser tanto,
una sola virtù sarebbe in tutti,
più e men distributa e altrettanto.
2.069

in equal force. But different powers must
be fruits of different formal principles;
were you correct, one only would be left,

Virtù diverse esser convegnon frutti
di princìpi formali, e quei, for ch’uno,
seguiterìeno a tua ragion distrutti.
2.072

the rest, destroyed. And more, were rarity
the cause of the dim spots you question, then
in part this planet would lack matter through

Ancor, se raro fosse di quel bruno
cagion che tu dimandi, o d’oltre in parte
fora di sua materia sì digiuno
2.075

and through, or else as, in a body, lean
and fat can alternate, so would this planet
alternate the pages in its volume.

esto pianeto, o, sì come comparte
lo grasso e ‘l magro un corpo, così questo
nel suo volume cangerebbe carte.
2.078

To validate the first case, in the sun’s
eclipse, the light would have to show through, just
as when it crosses matter that is slender.

Se ‘l primo fosse, fora manifesto
ne l’eclissi del sol per trasparere
lo lume come in altro raro ingesto.
2.081

This is not so; therefore we must consider
the latter case-if I annul that too,
then your opinion surely is confuted.

Questo non è: però è da vedere
de l’altro; e s’elli avvien ch’io l’altro cassi,
falsificato fia lo tuo parere.
2.084

If rarity does not run through and through
the moon, then there must be a limit where
thickness does not allow the light to pass;

S’elli è che questo raro non trapassi,
esser conviene un termine da onde
lo suo contrario più passar non lassi;
2.087

from there, the rays of sun would be thrown back,
just as, from glass that hides lead at its back,
a ray of colored light returns, reflected.

e indi l’altrui raggio si rifonde
così come color torna per vetro
lo qual di retro a sé piombo nasconde.
2.090

Now you will say that where a ray has been
reflected from a section farther back,
that ray will show itself to be more dim.

Or dirai tu ch’el si dimostra tetro
ivi lo raggio più che in altre parti,
per esser lì refratto più a retro.
2.093

Yet an experiment, were you to try it,
could free you from your cavil-and the source
of your arts’ course springs from experiment.

Da questa instanza può deliberarti
esperienza, se già mai la provi,
ch’esser suol fonte ai rivi di vostr’arti.
2.096

Taking three mirrors, place a pair of them
at equal distance from you; set the third
midway between those two, but farther back.

Tre specchi prenderai; e i due rimovi
da te d’un modo, e l’altro, più rimosso,
tr’ambo li primi li occhi tuoi ritrovi.
2.099

Then, turning toward them, at your back have placed
a light that kindles those three mirrors and
returns to you, reflected by them all.

Rivolto ad essi, fa che dopo il dosso
ti stea un lume che i tre specchi accenda
e torni a te da tutti ripercosso.
2.12

Although the image in the farthest glass
will be of lesser size, there you will see
that it must match the brightness of the rest.

Ben che nel quanto tanto non si stenda
la vista più lontana, lì vedrai
come convien ch’igualmente risplenda.
2.105

Now, just as the sub-matter of the snow,
beneath the blows of the warm rays, is stripped
of both its former color and its cold,

Or, come ai colpi de li caldi rai
de la neve riman nudo il suggetto
e dal colore e dal freddo primai,
2.108

so is your mind left bare of error; I
would offer now to you a new form, light
so living that it trembles in your sight.

così rimaso te ne l’intelletto
voglio informar di luce sì vivace,
che ti tremolerà nel suo aspetto.
2.111

Within the heaven of the godly peace
revolves a body in whose power lies
the being of all things that it enfolds.

Dentro dal ciel de la divina pace
si gira un corpo ne la cui virtute
l’esser di tutto suo contento giace.
2.114

The sphere that follows, where so much is shown,
to varied essences bestows that being,
to stars distinct and yet contained in it.

Lo ciel seguente, c’ha tante vedute,
quell’esser parte per diverse essenze,
da lui distratte e da lui contenute.
2.117

The other spheres, in ways diverse, direct
the diverse powers they possess, so that
these forces can bear fruit, attain their aims.

Li altri giron per varie differenze
le distinzion che dentro da sé hanno
dispongono a lor fini e lor semenze.
2.120

So do these organs of the universe
proceed, as you now see, from stage to stage,
receiving from above and acting downward.

Questi organi del mondo così vanno,
come tu vedi omai, di grado in grado,
che di sù prendono e di sotto fanno.
2.123

Now do attend to how I pass by way
of reason to the truth you want that-then-
you may learn how to cross the ford alone.

Riguarda bene omai sì com’io vado
per questo loco al vero che disiri,
sì che poi sappi sol tener lo guado.
2.126

The force and motion of the holy spheres
must be inspired by the blessed movers,
just as the smith imparts the hammer’s art;

Lo moto e la virtù d’i santi giri,
come dal fabbro l’arte del martello,
da’ beati motor convien che spiri;
2.129

and so, from the deep Mind that makes it wheel,
the sphere that many lights adorn receives
that stamp of which it then becomes the seal.

e ‘l ciel cui tanti lumi fanno bello,
de la mente profonda che lui volve
prende l’image e fassene suggello.
2.132

And as the soul within your dust is shared
by different organs, each most suited to
a different potency, so does that Mind

E come l’alma dentro a vostra polve
per differenti membra e conformate
a diverse potenze si risolve,
2.135

unfold and multiply its bounty through
the varied heavens, though that Intellect
itself revolves upon its unity.

così l’intelligenza sua bontate
multiplicata per le stelle spiega,
girando sé sovra sua unitate.
2.138

With the dear body that it quickens and
with which, as life in you, it too is bound,
each different power forms a different compound.

Virtù diversa fa diversa lega
col prezioso corpo ch’ella avviva,
nel qual, sì come vita in voi, si lega.
2.141

Because of the glad nature of its source,
the power mingled with a sphere shines forth,
as gladness, through the living pupil, shines.

Per la natura lieta onde deriva,
la virtù mista per lo corpo luce
come letizia per pupilla viva.
2.144

From this, and not from matter rare or dense,
derive the differences from light to light;
this is the forming principle, producing,

Da essa vien ciò che da luce a luce
par differente, non da denso e raro;
essa è formal principio che produce,
2.147

conforming with its worth, the dark, the bright.”

conforme a sua bontà, lo turbo e ‘l chiaro». 2.148

CANTO 3

 

 

 

CANTO 3
(Piccarda, Constanza, Vows Dispensed)

 

 

 

 

 

As Dante is about to speak he sees the faint outlines of human features and taking them for reflections looks behind him but see. nothing. Beatrice smiles at his taking the most real existences he has ever yet beheld for mere semblances, tells him why they are there and bids him address them. Dante learns from Piccarda that each soul in heaven rejoices in the whole order of which it is part, and therefore desires no higher place than is assigned to it, for such desire would violate the law of love, and therefore the harmony of heaven, and with it the joy of the unduly aspiring soul itself. He further learns Piccarda's history and that of [the Empress] Constance. After which the souls disappear and Dante's eyes return to Beatrice.

 

 

THAT sun which first had warmed my breast with love
had now revealed to me, confuting, proving,
the gentle face of truth, its loveliness;

Quel sol che pria d’amor mi scaldò ‘l petto,
di bella verità m’avea scoverto,
provando e riprovando, il dolce aspetto;
3.3

and I, in order to declare myself
corrected and convinced, lifted my head
as high as my confessional required.

e io, per confessar corretto e certo
me stesso, tanto quanto si convenne
leva’ il capo a proferer più erto;
3.6

But a new vision showed itself to me;
the grip in which it held me was so fast
that I did not remember to confess.

ma visione apparve che ritenne
a sé me tanto stretto, per vedersi,
che di mia confession non mi sovvenne.
3.9

Just as, returning through transparent, clean
glass, or through waters calm and crystalline
(so shallow that they scarcely can reflect),

Quali per vetri trasparenti e tersi,
o ver per acque nitide e tranquille,
non sì profonde che i fondi sien persi,
3.12

the mirrored image of our faces meets
our pupils with no greater force than that
a pearl has when displayed on a white forehead-

tornan d’i nostri visi le postille
debili sì, che perla in bianca fronte
non vien men forte a le nostre pupille;
3.15

so faint, the many faces I saw keen
to speak; thus, my mistake was contrary
to that which led the man to love the fountain.

tali vid’io più facce a parlar pronte;
per ch’io dentro a l’error contrario corsi
a quel ch’accese amor tra l’omo e ‘l fonte.
3.18

As soon as I had noticed them, thinking
that what I saw were merely mirrorings,
I turned around to see who they might be;

Sùbito sì com’io di lor m’accorsi,
quelle stimando specchiati sembianti,
per veder di cui fosser, li occhi torsi;
3.21

and I saw nothing; and I let my sight
turn back to meet the light of my dear guide,
who, as she smiled, glowed in her holy eyes.

e nulla vidi, e ritorsili avanti
dritti nel lume de la dolce guida,
che, sorridendo, ardea ne li occhi santi.
3.24

“There is no need to wonder if I smile,”
she said, “because you reason like a child;
your steps do not yet rest upon the truth;

«Non ti maravigliar perch’io sorrida»,
mi disse, «appresso il tuo pueril coto,
poi sopra ‘l vero ancor lo piè non fida,
3.27

your mind misguides you into emptiness:
what you are seeing are true substances,
placed here because their vows were not fulfilled.

ma te rivolve, come suole, a vòto:
vere sustanze son ciò che tu vedi,
qui rilegate per manco di voto.
3.030

Thus, speak and listen; trust what they will say:
the truthful light in which they find their peace
will not allow their steps to turn astray.”

Però parla con esse e odi e credi;
ché la verace luce che li appaga
da sé non lascia lor torcer li piedi».
3.033

Then I turned to the shade that seemed most anxious
to speak, and I began as would a man
bewildered by desire too intense:

E io a l’ombra che parea più vaga
di ragionar, drizza’mi, e cominciai,
quasi com’uom cui troppa voglia smaga:
3.036

“O spirit born to goodness, you who feel,
beneath the rays of the eternal life,
that sweetness which cannot be known unless

«O ben creato spirito, che a’ rai
di vita etterna la dolcezza senti
che, non gustata, non s’intende mai,
3.039

it is experienced, it would be gracious
of you to let me know your name and fate.”
At this, unhesitant, with smiling eyes:

grazioso mi fia se mi contenti
del nome tuo e de la vostra sorte».
Ond’ella, pronta e con occhi ridenti:
3.042

“Our charity will never lock its gates
against just will; our love is like the Love
that would have all Its court be like Itself.

«La nostra carità non serra porte
a giusta voglia, se non come quella
che vuol simile a sé tutta sua corte.
3.045

Within the world I was a nun, a virgin;
and if your mind attends and recollects,
my greater beauty here will not conceal me,

I’ fui nel mondo vergine sorella;
e se la mente tua ben sé riguarda,
non mi ti celerà l’esser più bella,
3.048

and you will recognize me as Piccarda,
who, placed here with the other blessed ones,
am blessed within the slowest of the spheres.

ma riconoscerai ch’i’ son Piccarda,
che, posta qui con questi altri beati,
beata sono in la spera più tarda.
3.051

Our sentiments, which only serve the flame
that is the pleasure of the Holy Ghost,
delight in their conforming to His order.

Li nostri affetti, che solo infiammati
son nel piacer de lo Spirito Santo,
letizian del suo ordine formati.
3.054

And we are to be found within a sphere
this low, because we have neglected vows,
so that in some respect we were deficient.”

E questa sorte che par giù cotanto,
però n’è data, perché fuor negletti
li nostri voti, e vòti in alcun canto».
3.057

And I to her: “Within your wonderful
semblance there is something divine that glows,
transforming the appearance you once showed:

Ond’io a lei: «Ne’ mirabili aspetti
vostri risplende non so che divino
che vi trasmuta da’ primi concetti:
3.060

therefore, my recognizing you was slow;
but what you now have told me is of help;
I can identify you much more clearly.

però non fui a rimembrar festino;
ma or m’aiuta ciò che tu mi dici,
sì che raffigurar m’è più latino.
3.063

But tell me: though you’re happy here, do you
desire a higher place in order to
see more and to be still more close to Him?”

Ma dimmi: voi che siete qui felici,
disiderate voi più alto loco
per più vedere e per più farvi amici?».
3.066

Together with her fellow shades she smiled
at first; then she replied to me with such
gladness, like one who burns with love’s first flame:

Con quelle altr’ombre pria sorrise un poco;
da indi mi rispuose tanto lieta,
ch’arder parea d’amor nel primo foco:
3.069

“Brother, the power of love appeases our
will so-we only long for what we have;
we do not thirst for greater blessedness.

«Frate, la nostra volontà quieta
virtù di carità, che fa volerne
sol quel ch’avemo, e d’altro non ci asseta.
3.072

Should we desire a higher sphere than ours,
then our desires would be discordant with
the will of Him who has assigned us here,

Se disiassimo esser più superne,
foran discordi li nostri disiri
dal voler di colui che qui ne cerne;
3.075

but you’ll see no such discord in these spheres;
to live in love is-here-necessity,
if you think on love’s nature carefully.

che vedrai non capere in questi giri,
s’essere in carità è qui necesse,
e se la sua natura ben rimiri.
3.078

The essence of this blessed life consists
in keeping to the boundaries of God’s will,
through which our wills become one single will;

Anzi è formale ad esto beato esse
tenersi dentro a la divina voglia,
per ch’una fansi nostre voglie stesse;
3.081

so that, as we are ranged from step to step
throughout this kingdom, all this kingdom wills
that which will please the King whose will is rule.

sì che, come noi sem di soglia in soglia
per questo regno, a tutto il regno piace
com’a lo re che ‘n suo voler ne ‘nvoglia.
3.084

And in His will there is our peace: that sea
to which all beings move-the beings He
creates or nature makes-such is His will.”

E ‘n la sua volontade è nostra pace:
ell’è quel mare al qual tutto si move
ciò ch’ella cria o che natura face».
3.087

Then it was clear to me how every place
in Heaven is in Paradise, though grace
does not rain equally from the High Good.

Chiaro mi fu allor come ogne dove
in cielo è paradiso, etsi la grazia
del sommo ben d’un modo non vi piove.
3.090

But just as, when our hunger has been sated
with one food, we still long to taste the other-
while thankful for the first, we crave the latter-

Ma sì com’elli avvien, s’un cibo sazia
e d’un altro rimane ancor la gola,
che quel si chere e di quel si ringrazia,
3.093

so was I in my words and in my gestures,
asking to learn from her what was the web
of which her shuttle had not reached the end.

così fec’io con atto e con parola,
per apprender da lei qual fu la tela
onde non trasse infino a co la spuola.
3.096

“A perfect life,” she said, “and her high merit
enheaven, up above, a woman whose
rule governs those who, in your world, would wear

«Perfetta vita e alto merto inciela
donna più sù», mi disse, «a la cui norma
nel vostro mondo giù si veste e vela,
3.099

nuns’ dress and veil, so that, until their death,
they wake and sleep with that Spouse who accepts
all vows that love conforms unto His pleasure.

perché fino al morir si vegghi e dorma
con quello sposo ch’ogne voto accetta
che caritate a suo piacer conforma.
3.12

Still young, I fled the world to follow her;
and, in her order’s habit, I enclosed
myself and promised my life to her rule.

Dal mondo, per seguirla, giovinetta
fuggi’mi, e nel suo abito mi chiusi
e promisi la via de la sua setta.
3.105

Then men more used to malice than to good
took me-violently-from my sweet cloister:
God knows what, after that, my life became.

Uomini poi, a mal più ch’a bene usi,
fuor mi rapiron de la dolce chiostra:
Iddio si sa qual poi mia vita fusi.
3.108

This other radiance that shows itself
to you at my right hand, a brightness kindled
by all the light that fills our heaven-she

E quest’altro splendor che ti si mostra
da la mia destra parte e che s’accende
di tutto il lume de la spera nostra,
3.111

has understood what I have said: she was
a sister, and from her head, too, by force,
the shadow of the sacred veil was taken.

ciò ch’io dico di me, di sé intende;
sorella fu, e così le fu tolta
di capo l’ombra de le sacre bende.
3.114

But though she had been turned back to the world
against her will, against all honest practice,
the veil upon her heart was never loosed.

Ma poi che pur al mondo fu rivolta
contra suo grado e contra buona usanza,
non fu dal vel del cor già mai disciolta.
3.117

This is the splendor of the great Costanza,
who from the Swabians’ second gust engendered
the one who was their third and final power.”

Quest’è la luce de la gran Costanza
che del secondo vento di Soave
generò ‘l terzo e l’ultima possanza».
3.120

This said, she then began to sing “Ave
Maria” and, while singing, vanished as
a weighty thing will vanish in deep water.

Così parlommi, e poi cominciò ‘Ave,
Maria
cantando, e cantando vanio
come per acqua cupa cosa grave.
3.123

My sight, which followed her as long as it
was able to, once she was out of view,
returned to where its greater longing lay,

La vista mia, che tanto lei seguio
quanto possibil fu, poi che la perse,
volsesi al segno di maggior disio,
3.126

and it was wholly bent on Beatrice;
but she then struck my eyes with so much brightness
that I, at first, could not withstand her force;

e a Beatrice tutta si converse;
ma quella folgorò nel mio sguardo
sì che da prima il viso non sofferse;
3.129

and that made me delay my questioning.
 

e ciò mi fece a dimandar più tardo. 3.130

CANTO 4

 

 

 

CANTO 4
(Planetary Influences; Vows)

 

 

 

 

 

Piccarda has left Dante entangled in two perplexities. Why are the nuns shorn of what had else been the full measure of their glory because they were torn against their will from the cloister? And if the inconstant moon is the abode of such as have left their vows unfulfilled, was Plato right after all in saying that men's souls come down from the planets connatural with them, and return thereto? This, latter speculation might lead to dangerous heresy, and Beatrice. hastens to explain that the souls who come to meet Dante in the several spheres all have their permanent abiding place with God and the Angels in the Empyrean. Their meeting places with Dante are but symbolical of their spiritual state. But Plato may have had in mind the divine influences that, through the agency of the planets, act upon men's dispositions and produce good or ill effects which should be credited to them rather than to the human will. And indeed it was a confused perception of these divine influences that led men into idolatry. The other difficulty is removed by a distinction between what we wish to do and what, under pressure, we consent to do; for if we consent we cannot plead violence in excuse, although we have done what we did not wish to do.  More questions are started in Dante's mind, for only in the all-embracing truth of God can the human mind find that restful possession which its nature promises it. Short of that each newly acquired truth leads on to further questions. Beatrice, who had sighed at Dante's previous bewildered questions, smiles approval now, for he asks her a question as to vows which has some spiritual import.

 

 

BEFORE a man bit into one of two
foods equally removed and tempting, he
would die of hunger if his choice were free;

Intra due cibi, distanti e moventi
d’un modo, prima si morria di fame,
che liber’omo l’un recasse ai denti;
4.3

so would a lamb stand motionless between
the cravings of two savage wolves, in fear
of both; so would a dog between two deer;

sì si starebbe un agno intra due brame
di fieri lupi, igualmente temendo;
sì si starebbe un cane intra due dame:
4.6

thus, I need neither blame nor praise myself
when both my doubts compelled me equally:
what kept me silent was necessity.

per che, s’i’ mi tacea, me non riprendo,
da li miei dubbi d’un modo sospinto,
poi ch’era necessario, né commendo.
4.9

I did not speak, but in my face were seen
longing and questioning, more ardent than
if spoken words had made them evident.

Io mi tacea, ma ‘l mio disir dipinto
m’era nel viso, e ‘l dimandar con ello,
più caldo assai che per parlar distinto.
4.12

Then Beatrice did just as Daniel did,
when he appeased Nebuchadnezzar’s anger,
the rage that made the king unjustly fierce.

Fé sì Beatrice qual fé Daniello,
Nabuccodonosor levando d’ira,
che l’avea fatto ingiustamente fello;
4.15

She said: “I see how both desires draw you,
so that your anxiousness to know is self-
entangled and cannot express itself.

e disse: «Io veggio ben come ti tira
uno e altro disio, sì che tua cura
sé stessa lega sì che fuor non spira.
4.18

You reason: ‘If my will to good persists,
why should the violence of others cause
the measure of my merit to be less?’

Tu argomenti: “Se ‘l buon voler dura,
la violenza altrui per qual ragione
di meritar mi scema la misura?”.
4.21

And you are also led to doubt because
the doctrine Plato taught would find support
by souls’ appearing to return to the stars.

Ancor di dubitar ti dà cagione
parer tornarsi l’anime a le stelle,
secondo la sentenza di Platone.
4.24

These are the questions that, within your will,
press equally for answers; therefore, I
shall treat the most insidious question first.

Queste son le question che nel tuo velle
pontano igualmente; e però pria
tratterò quella che più ha di felle.
4.27

Neither the Seraph closest unto God,
nor Moses, Samuel, nor either John -
whichever one you will - nor Mary has,

D’i Serafin colui che più s’india,
Moisè, Samuel, e quel Giovanni
che prender vuoli, io dico, non Maria,
4.030

I say, their place in any other heaven
than that which houses those souls you just saw,
nor will their blessedness last any longer.

non hanno in altro cielo i loro scanni
che questi spirti che mo t’appariro,
né hanno a l’esser lor più o meno anni;
4.033

But all those souls grace the Empyrean;
and each of them has gentle life - though some
sense the Eternal Spirit more, some less.

ma tutti fanno bello il primo giro,
e differentemente han dolce vita
per sentir più e men l’etterno spiro.
4.036

They showed themselves to you here not because
this is their sphere, but as a sign for you
that in the Empyrean their place is lowest.

Qui si mostraro, non perché sortita
sia questa spera lor, ma per far segno
de la celestial c’ha men salita.
4.039

Such signs are suited to your mind, since from
the senses only can it apprehend
what then becomes fit for the intellect.

Così parlar conviensi al vostro ingegno,
però che solo da sensato apprende
ciò che fa poscia d’intelletto degno.
4.042

And this is why the Bible condescends
to human powers, assigning feet and hands
to God, but meaning something else instead.

Per questo la Scrittura condescende
a vostra facultate, e piedi e mano
attribuisce a Dio, e altro intende;
4.045

And Gabriel and Michael and the angel
who healed the eyes of Tobit are portrayed
by Holy Church with human visages.

e Santa Chiesa con aspetto umano
Gabriel e Michel vi rappresenta,
e l’altro che Tobia rifece sano.
4.048

 The True Meaning of Planetary Influences

 

That which Timaeus said in reasoning
of souls does not describe what you have seen,
since it would seem that as he speaks he thinks.

Quel che Timeo de l’anime argomenta
non è simile a ciò che qui si vede,
però che, come dice, par che senta.
4.051

He says the soul returns to that same star
from which - so he believes - it had been taken
when nature sent that soul as form to body;

Dice che l’alma a la sua stella riede,
credendo quella quindi esser decisa
quando natura per forma la diede;
4.054

but his opinion is, perhaps, to be
taken in other guise than his words speak,
intending something not to be derided.

e forse sua sentenza è d’altra guisa
che la voce non suona, ed esser puote
con intenzion da non esser derisa.
4.057

If to these spheres he wanted to attribute
honor and blame for what they influence,
perhaps his arrow reaches something true.

S’elli intende tornare a queste ruote
l’onor de la influenza e ‘l biasmo, forse
in alcun vero suo arco percuote.
4.060

This principle, ill - understood, misled
almost all of the world once, so that Jove
and Mercury and Mars gave names to stars.

Questo principio, male inteso, torse
già tutto il mondo quasi, sì che Giove,
Mercurio e Marte a nominar trascorse.
4.063

The other doubt that agitates you is
less poisonous; for its insidiousness
is not such as to lead you far from me.

L’altra dubitazion che ti commove
ha men velen, però che sua malizia
non ti poria menar da me altrove.
4.066

To mortal eyes our justice seems unjust;
that this is so, should serve as evidence
for faith - not heresy’s depravity.

Parere ingiusta la nostra giustizia
ne li occhi d’i mortali, è argomento
di fede e non d’eretica nequizia.
4.069

But that your intellect may penetrate
more carefully into your other query,
I shall - as you desire - explain it clearly.

Ma perché puote vostro accorgimento
ben penetrare a questa veritate,
come disiri, ti farò contento.
4.072

If violence means that the one who suffers
has not abetted force in any way,
then there is no excuse these souls can claim:

Se violenza è quando quel che pate
niente conferisce a quel che sforza,
non fuor quest’alme per essa scusate;
4.075

for will, if it resists, is never spent,
but acts as nature acts when fire ascends,
though force - a thousand times-tries to compel.

ché volontà, se non vuol, non s’ammorza,
ma fa come natura face in foco,
se mille volte violenza il torza.
4.078

So that, when will has yielded much or little,
it has abetted force - as these souls did:
they could have fled back to their holy shelter.

Per che, s’ella si piega assai o poco,
segue la forza; e così queste fero
possendo rifuggir nel santo loco.
4.081

Had their will been as whole as that which held
Lawrence fast to the grate and that which made
of Mucius one who judged his own hand, then

Se fosse stato lor volere intero,
come tenne Lorenzo in su la grada,
e fece Muzio a la sua man severo,
4.084

once freed, they would have willed to find the faith
from which they had been dragged; but it is all
too seldom that a will is so intact.

così l’avria ripinte per la strada
ond’eran tratte, come fuoro sciolte;
ma così salda voglia è troppo rada.
4.087

And through these words, if you have grasped their bent,
you can eliminate the argument
that would have troubled you again-and often.

E per queste parole, se ricolte
l’hai come dei, è l’argomento casso
che t’avria fatto noia ancor più volte.
4.090

But now another obstacle obstructs
your sight; you cannot overcome it by
yourself-it is too wearying to try.

Ma or ti s’attraversa un altro passo
dinanzi a li occhi, tal che per te stesso
non usciresti: pria saresti lasso.
4.093

I’ve set it in your mind as something certain
that souls in blessedness can never lie,
since they are always near the Primal Truth.

Io t’ho per certo ne la mente messo
ch’alma beata non poria mentire,
però ch’è sempre al primo vero appresso;
4.096

But from Piccarda you were also able
to hear how Constance kept her love of the veil:
and here Piccarda seems to contradict me.

e poi potesti da Piccarda udire
che l’affezion del vel Costanza tenne;
sì ch’ella par qui meco contradire.
4.099

Before this - brother - it has often happened
that, to flee menace, men unwillingly
did what should not be done; so did Alcmaeon,

Molte fiate già, frate, addivenne
che, per fuggir periglio, contra grato
si fé di quel che far non si convenne;
4.12

to meet the wishes of his father, kill
his mother - not to fail in filial
piety, he acted ruthlessly.

come Almeone, che, di ciò pregato
dal padre suo, la propria madre spense,
per non perder pietà, si fé spietato.
4.105

At that point - I would have you see - the force
to which one yielded mingles with one’s will;
and no excuse can pardon their joint act.

A questo punto voglio che tu pense
che la forza al voler si mischia, e fanno
sì che scusar non si posson l’offense.
4.108

Absolute will does not concur in wrong;
but the contingent will, through fear that its
resistance might bring greater harm, consents.

Voglia assoluta non consente al danno;
ma consentevi in tanto in quanto teme,
se si ritrae, cadere in più affanno.
4.111

Therefore, Piccarda means the absolute
will when she speaks, and I the relative;
so that the two of us have spoken truth.”

Però, quando Piccarda quello spreme,
de la voglia assoluta intende, e io
de l’altra; sì che ver diciamo insieme».
4.114

Such was the rippling of the holy stream
issuing from the fountain from which springs
all truth: it set to rest both of my longings.

Cotal fu l’ondeggiar del santo rio
ch’uscì del fonte ond’ogne ver deriva;
tal puose in pace uno e altro disio.
4.117

Then I said: “O beloved of the First
Lover, O you - divine - whose speech so floods
and warms me that I feel more and more life,

«O amanza del primo amante, o diva»,
diss’io appresso, «il cui parlar m’inonda
e scalda sì, che più e più m’avviva,
4.120

however deep my gratefulness, it can
not match your grace with grace enough; but He
who sees and can-may He grant recompense.

non è l’affezion mia tanto profonda,
che basti a render voi grazia per grazia;
ma quei che vede e puote a ciò risponda.
4.123

I now see well: we cannot satisfy
our mind unless it is enlightened by
the truth beyond whose boundary no truth lies.

Io veggio ben che già mai non si sazia
nostro intelletto, se ‘l ver non lo illustra
di fuor dal qual nessun vero si spazia.
4.126

Mind, reaching that truth, rests within it as
a beast within its lair; mind can attain
that truth - if not, all our desires were vain.

Posasi in esso, come fera in lustra,
tosto che giunto l’ha; e giugner puollo:
se non, ciascun disio sarebbe frustra.
4.129

Therefore, our doubting blossoms like a shoot
out from the root of truth; this natural
urge spurs us toward the peak, from height to height.

Nasce per quello, a guisa di rampollo,
a piè del vero il dubbio; ed è natura
ch’al sommo pinge noi di collo in collo.
4.132

Lady, my knowing why we doubt, invites,
sustains, my reverent asking you about
another truth that is obscure to me.

Questo m’invita, questo m’assicura
con reverenza, donna, a dimandarvi
d’un’altra verità che m’è oscura.
4.135

I want to know if, in your eyes, one can
amend for unkept vows with other acts-
good works your balance will not find too scant.”

Io vo’ saper se l’uom può sodisfarvi
ai voti manchi sì con altri beni,
ch’a la vostra statera non sien parvi».
4.138

Then Beatrice looked at me with eyes so full
of sparks of love, eyes so divine that my
own force of sight was overcome, took flight,

Beatrice mi guardò con li occhi pieni
di faville d’amor così divini,
che, vinta, mia virtute diè le reni,
4.141

and, eyes downcast, I almost lost my senses.

e quasi mi perdei con li occhi chini. 4.142

Commentary based principally on the 1899 Wicksteed translation The Paradiso of Dante Alighieri


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