Source: trans. Benen Fahy, The Writings of St. Francis 'f Assisi (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1964), pp. 168-75. Latin.

Francis of Assisi's (see Doc. 9) rule for lay people intent on holy living reflects the con­cerns of other penitential companies already popular in early thirteenth-century Italy. Groups called "brothers and sisters of penance" or "brothers and sisters of continence" (because of their acts of self-denial) highlight the growing emphasis on penance in medieval Christianity. Francis and his original band of followers likely initially thought of themselves as members of this wider penitential movement rather than as a new religious order. He probably wrote a simpler version of these regulations at least a decade earlier than 1221, the year Cardinal Ugolino, the Franciscan order's protector, received official approval for them. As Franciscans and the other mendicant orders won fame, lay people, called tertiaries, increasingly associated with them as members of "third orders" (the first and second orders being restricted to men and women taking formal religious vows). Lay women, in particular, found an outlet for their religious energies in such associations. This rule has clear affinities with the regulations of religious guilds organized by the laity

Here begins the Rule of the Continent Brothers and Sisters

In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit. Amen. The memorial of what is proposed for the Brothers and Sisters of Penance living in their own homes, begun in the year of our Lord 1221, is as follows.

Chapter I: Daily Life

1. The men belonging to this brotherhood shall dress in humble, undyed cloth, the price of which is not to exceed six Ravenna soldi an ell, unless for evident and necessary cause a temporary dispensation be given. And breadth and thinness of the cloth are to be considered in said price.

They shall wear their outer garments and furred coats without open throat, sewed shut or uncut but certainly laced up, not open as secular people wear them; and they shall wear their sleeves closed.

The sisters in turn shall wear an outer garment and tunic made of cloth of the same price and humble quality; or at least they are to have with the outer garment a white or black underwrap or petticoat, or an ample linen gown without gathers, the price of an ell of which is not to exceed twelve

Pisa denars. As to this price, however, and the fur cloaks they wear a dispen­sation may be given according to the estate of the woman and the custom of the place. They are not to wear silken or dyed veils and ribbons.

And both the brothers and the sisters shall have their fur garments of lamb's wool only. They are permitted to have leather purses and belts sewed in simple fashion without silken thread, and no other kind. Also other vain adornments they shall lay aside at the bidding of the Visitor [a Franciscan clerical official].

They are not to go to unseemly parties or to shows or dances. They shall not donate to actors, and shall forbid their household to donate.

Chapter II: Abstinence

All are to abstain from meat save on Sundays, Tuesdays, and Thursdays, except on account of illness or weakness, for three days at blood-letting, in traveling, or on account of a specially high feast intervening, namely, the Nativity for three days, New Year^'s, Epiphany [Jan. 6], the Pasch of the Res­urrection for three days, the holy Apostles Peter and Paul [June 29], St. John the Baptist [June 24], the Assumption of the glorious Virgin Mary [Aug. 15], the solemnity of All Saints [Nov. i], and of St. Martin [Nov. ii]. On the other days, when there is not fasting, they may eat cheese and eggs. But when they are with religious in their convent homes, they have leave to eat what is served to them. And except for the feeble, the ailing, and those traveling, let them be content with dinner and supper. Let the healthy be temperate in eating and drinking.

Before their dinner and supper let them say the Lord's prayer once, likewise after their meal, and let them give thanks to God. Otherwise let them say three Our Fathers.

Chapter III: Fasting

From the Pasch of the Resurrection to the feast of All Saints they are to fast on Fridays. From the feast of All Saints until Easter they are to fast on Wednesdays and Fridays, but still observing the other fasts enjoined in general by the church.

They are to fast daily, except on account of infirmity or any other need, throughout the fast of St. Martin from after said day until Christmas, and throughout the greater fast from Carnival Sunday [preceding Lent] until Easter.

To. Sisters who are pregnant are free to refrain until their purification from the corporal observances except those regarding their dress and prayers.

Chapter VI: Special Mass and Meeting Each Month

19. All the brothers and sisters of every city and place are to foregather every month at the time the ministers see fit, in a church which the ministers will make known, and there assist at divine services.

And every member is to give the treasurer one ordinary denar. The treasurer is to collect this money and distribute it on the advice of the min­isters among the poor brothers and sisters, especially the sick and those who may have nothing for their funeral services, and thereupon among other poor; and they are to offer something of the money to the aforesaid church.

And, if it be convenient at the time, they are to have some religious who is informed in the words of God to exhort them and strengthen them to persevere in their penance and in performing the works of mercy. And except for the officers, they are to remain quiet during the mass and sermon, intent on the [divine] office, on prayer, and on the sermon.

Chapter VII: Visiting the Sick, Burying the Dead

Whenever any brother or sister happens to fall ill, the ministers, if the patient let them know of it, shall in person or through others visit the patient once a week, and remind him of penance; and if they find it expedient, they are to supply him from the common fund with what he may need for the body.

And if the ailing person departs from this life, it is to be published to the brothers and sisters who may be present in the city or place, so that they may gather for the funeral; and they are not to leave until the mass has been celebrated and the body consigned to burial. Thereupon each member within eight days of the demise shall say for the soul of the deceased: a mass, if he is a priest; fifty psalms, if he understands the Psalter, or if not, then fifty Our Fathers with the Requiem aeternam at the end of each.

In addition, every year, for the welfare of the brothers and sisters liv­ing and dead, each priest is to say three masses, each member knowing the Psalter is to recite it, and the rest shall say one hundred Our Fathers with the Requiem aeternam at the end of each.

All who have the right are to make their last will and make disposition of their goods within three months after their profession, lest anyone of them die intestate.

As regards making peace among the brothers and sisters or non-mem­bers at odds, let what the ministers find proper be done; even, if it be expedi­ent, upon consultation with the Lord Bishop.

If contrary to their rights and privileges trouble is made for the broth­ers and sisters by the mayors and governors of the places where they live, the ministers of the place shall do what they shall find expedient on the advice of the Lord Bishop.

Let each member accept and faithfully exercise the ministry of other offices imposed on him, although anyone may retire from office after a year.

When anybody wishes to enter this brotherhood, the ministers shall carefully inquire into his standing and occupation, and they shall explain to him the obligations of the brotherhood, especially that of restoring what belongs to others. And if he is content with it, let him be vested according to the prescribed way, and he must make satisfaction for his debts, paying money according to what pledged provision is given. They are to reconcile themselves with their neighbors and to pay up their tithes.

After these particulars are complied with, when the year is up and he seems suitable to them, let him on the advice of some discreet brothers be received on this condition: that he promise he will all the time of his life ob­serve everything here written, or to be written or abated on the advice of the brothers, unless on occasion there be a valid dispensation by the ministers; and that he will, when called upon by the ministers, render satisfaction as the Visitor shall ordain if he has done anything contrary to this condition. And this promise is to be put in writing then and there by a public notary. Even so nobody is to be received otherwise, unless in consideration of the estate and rank of the person it shall seem advisable to the ministers.

No one is to depart from this brotherhood and from what is contained herein, except to enter a religious Order.

No heretic or person in bad repute for heresy is to be received. If he is under suspicion of it, he may be admitted if otherwise fit, upon being cleared before the bishop.

Married women are not to be received except with the consent and leave of their husbands.

Brothers and sisters ejected from the brotherhood as incorrigible are not to be received in it again except it please the senior portion of the broth­ers.

Chapter VIII: Correction, Dispensation, Officers

The ministers of any city or place shall report public faults of the brothers and sisters to the Visitor for punishment. And if anyone proves incorrigible, after consultation with some of the discreet brothers he should be denounced to the Visitor, to be expelled by him from the brotherhood, and thereupon it

should be published in the meeting. Moreover, if it is a brother, he should be denounced to the mayor or the governor.

If anyone learns that scandal is occurring relative to brothers and sis­ters, he shall report it to the ministers and shall have opportunity to report it to the Visitor. He need not be held to report it in the case of husband against wife.

The Visitor has the power to dispense all the brothers and sisters in any of these points if he finds it advisable.

When the year has passed, the ministers with the counsel of the broth­ers are to elect two other ministers; and a faithful treasurer, who is to provide for the need of the brothers and sisters and other poor; and messengers who at the command of the ministers are to publish what is said and done by the fraternity.

In all the abovementioned points no one is to be obligated under guilt, but under penalty; yet so that if after being admonished twice by the minis­ters he should fail to discharge the penalty imposed or to be imposed on him by the Visitor, he shall be obligated under guilt as contumacious.

Here ends the Rule of the Continent.

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