1560-1750

American Revolution  1775-1783

French Revolution  1789-1799

Napoleon 1769-1821

Napoleonic War 1803-1815

Civil War 1861-1865

Russian Revolution 1905 & 1917

World War I

Cristero War 1926-1929

Abraham Lincoln 1809-1865

Newman 1801-1890

Manning  1808-1892

Gueranger 1805-75

Lacordaire, Henri-Dominique (1802–61)

Therese of Liseux 1873-1897

Karl Barth 1886-1968

JRR Tolkien 1892-1973

CS Lewis 1898-1963

VonBalthasar 1905-1988

Edith Stein 1891-1942

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)

 Karl Marx 1818-1883

Jean-Paul Sartre

1575 Augustine BAKER 1676

Oliver CROMWELL  1599-[1649]-58

The Peace of Westphalia (1648)

René DESC ARTES (1596-1650)

Blaise PASCAL (1623-62)

LEIBNITZ

Baruch SPINOZA (1632-77)

John LOCKE (1632-1704)

Isaac NEWTON (1642-1727)

PIETISM

Philipp Jakob SPENER (1635-1705)

Ludwig, Graf von ZINZENDORF (1700-60)

METHODISM

John WESLEY (1703-91), aided by his brother Charles (1707-88)

Immanuel KANT (1724-1804)

David HUME (1711-76)

Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647-90)

St. John de La Salle (1651-1719)

St. Paul of the Cross (1694-1775)

St. Alphonsus LIGUORI (1696-1787)

REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES (1685)

Bossuet

The GALLICAN ARTICLES (1682)

Jansenism

Cornelis JANSEN (1585-1638)

Jean Duvergier ST.-CYRAN (1581-1643)

Henri ARNAULD (1597-1692)

Mère ANGELIQUE[Arnauld] of Port-Royal (1591-1661)

   [monastery suppressed 1704 - destroyed 1709]

AUGUSTINUS 1640

In Eminenti [1st condemn.]1643

Pasquier QUESNEL (1634-1719)

UNIGENITUS Dei Filius 1713

1723 “Chapter of Utrecht” ["Old Catholics"]

QUIETISM

Miguel de MOLINOS (1627-96)

GUYON

Jeanne Bouvier de la Motte (1648-1717

Jacques BOSSUET (1627-1704)

François FÉNELON (1651-1715)

Suppression of Jesuits

False Monita Secreta 1612

Clement XIV on July 21, 1773