1) Hermits and Cenobites

2) Pachomian asceticism and Antonian (Athanasian) theosis

3) Urban service (Basil) and Syrian asceticism

1) Barsanuphius and John; availability for Direction

2) Cassian and Lerins: the beginnings of Western monastic theology

3) Benedict: reformed monasticism and the vision of a new society

1) Patrick, Aidan, Columban, Boniface

2) Irish Penitentials and presbyteral confession

3) Gregory the Great: can monks be leaders?

1) Benedict of Aniane: a vision of congregational monasticism

2) Anselm, Scotus Erigena, Gregorian Chant: theology and mystical vision

3) Cluny: leadership and liturgy

4) Canons and Early Hermit Orders (the Camaldolese)

1) Citeaux: a return to monastic simplicity

2) The Rise of the Canons Regular and Friars

3) New Benedictine Quasi-Hermit Congregations (Sylvestrines, Celestines)

1) St. Justina (Italian Cassinese), Valladolid (Spain), Bursfeld (Germany)

2) The Vannists (France)

1) The Maurists

2) Armand de Rancé and Le Trappe

3) The challenge of new non-monastic orders

1) Benedictine restoration: Solesmes, Beuron, Subiaco

2) Benedictine Mission: American Cassinese; Ottilien; Annunciation

3) Trappist Renewal

4) Thomas Merton and the rise of Trappist scholarship