AMBIGUUM 7

[PG 91, 1089A; 1099C-1096]

From Saint Gregory’s same oration On Love for the Poor:

Ἐκ τοῦ αὐτοῦ λόγου, εἰς τό,

What is this wisdom that concerns me? And what is this great mystery? Or is it God’s will that we, who are a portion of God that has flowed down from above, not become exalted and lifted up on account of this dignity, and so despise our Creator? Or is it not rather that, in our struggle and battle with the body, ^[1069A] we should always look to Him, so that this very weakness that has been yoked to us might be an education concerning our dignity? 

"Τίς ἡ περί ἐμέ σοφία, καί τί τό μέγα τοῦτο μυστήριον; ἤ βούλεται μοῖραν ἡμᾶς ὄντας Θεοῦ, καί ἄνωθεν ῥεύσαντας, ἵνα μή διά τήν ἀξίαν ἐπαιρόμενοι καί μετεωριζόμενοι καταφρονῶμεν τοῦ Κτίσαντος, ἐν τῇ πρός τό σῶμα πάλῃ καί μάχῃ πρός αὐτόν ἀεί βλέπειν, καί τήν συνεζευγμένην ἀσθένειαν παιδαγωγίαν εἶναι τοῦ ἀξιώματος; "

[…]

^[16] I shall now say a word about how we, “being portions of God, flowed down from above.”²⁰

Περί δέ τοῦ πῶς μοῖρα ὄντες θεοῦ ἀπεῤῥύημεν Θεοῦ ἡγουμένου ἐντεῦθεν τόν λόγον ποιήσομαι.

[The Logos and the logoi ^[1077C]

15. Who—knowing that it was with reason and wisdom that God brought beings into existence out of nothing—if he were carefully to direct the contemplative power of his soul to their infinite natural differences and variety, and, with the analytical power of reason, were (together with these) to distinguish in his mind the logos according to which they were created, would not, I ask, fail to know the one Logos as many logoi, indivisibly distinguished amid the differences of created things, owing to their specific individuality, which remains unconfused both in themselves and with respect to one another?

Τίς γάρ λόγῳ εἰδώς καί σοφίᾳ τά ὄντα ἐκ τοῦ μή ὄντος παρά Θεοῦ εἰς τό εἶναι παρῆχθαι, εἰ τῇ φυσικῶν τῶν ὄντων ἀπείρῳ διαφορᾷ τε καί ποικιλίᾳ ἐμφρόνως τό τῆς ψυχῆς θεωρητικόν προσαγάγοι, καί τῷ ἐξεταστικῷ συνδιακρίνοι λόγῳ κατ᾿ ἐπίνοιαν τόν καθ᾿ ὅν ἐκτίσθησαν λόγον, τῇ τῶν γεγονότων ἀδιαιρέτῳ συνδιακρινόμενον διαφορᾷ, διά τήν αὐτῶν πρός ἄλληλά τε καί ἑαυτά ἀσύγχυτον ἰδιότητα;

Moreover, would he not also know that the many logoi are one Logos, seeing that all things are related to Him without being confused with Him, who is the essential and personally distinct Logos of God the Father, the origin and cause of all things,

Καί πάλιν ἕνα τούς πολλούς, τῇ πρός αὐτόν τῶν πάντων ἀναφορᾷ δι᾿ ἑαυτόν ἀσυγχύτως ὑπάρχοντα, ἐνούσιόν τε καί ἐνυπόστατον τοῦ Θεοῦ καί Πατρός Θεόν Λόγον, ὡς ἀρχήν καί αἰτίαν τῶν ὅλων,

in whom all things were created, in the heavens and on earth, visible and ^{Io77D1 invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities ^{io8oAl or authorities: all things were created from Him, through Him, and return unto Him?

ἐν ᾧ ἐκτίσθη τά πάντα τά ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς καί τά ἐπί τῆς γῆς, εἴτε ὀρατά, εἴτε ἀόρατα, εἴτε θρόνοι, εἴτε κυριότητες, εἴτε ἀρχαί, (1080) εἴτε ἐξουσίαι, πάντα ἐξ αὐτοῦ καί δι᾿ αὐτοῦ καί εἰς αὐτόν ἔκτισται.

16. From all eternity, He contained within Himself the preexisting logoi of created beings. When, in His goodwill, He formed out of nothing the substance of the visible and invisible worlds, He did so on the basis of these logoi. By His word (logos) and His wisdom He created and continues to create all things—universals as well as particulars—at the appropriate time. We believe, for example, that a logos of angels preceded and guided their creation; and the same holds true for each of the beings and powers that fill the world above us.²¹ A logos of human beings likewise preceded their creation, and—in order not to speak of particulars—a logos preceded the creation of everything that has received its being from God. We believe that He Himself, by virtue of His infinite transcendence, is ineffable and incomprehensible, and exists beyond all creation and beyond all the differences and distinctions which exist and can be conceived of within it. We also believe ^{io8oBl that this same One is manifested and multiplied in all the things that have their origin in Him, in a manner appropriate to the being of each, as befits His goodness. And He recapitulates all things in Himself, for it is owing to Him that all things exist and remain in existence, and it is from Him that all things came to be in a certain way, and for a certain reason, and (whether they are stationary or in motion) participate in God.

Τούς γάρ λόγους τῶν γεγονότων ἔχων πρό τῶν αἰώνων ὑφεστῶτας βουλήσει ἀγαθῇ κατ᾿ αὐτούς τήν τε ὁρατήν καί ἀόρατον ἐκ τοῦ μή ὄντος ὑπεστήσατο κτίσιν, λόγῳ καί σοφίᾳ τά πάντα κατά τόν δέοντα χρόνον ποιήσας τε καί ποιῶν, τά καθόλου τε καί τά καθ᾿ ἕκαστον. Λόγον γάρ ἀγγέλων δημιουργίας προκαθηγεῖσθαι πιστεύομεν, λόγον ἑκάστης τῶν συμπληρουσῶν τόν ἄνω κόσμον οὐσιῶν καί δυνάμεων, λόγον ἀνθρώπων, λόγον παντός τῶν ἐκ Θεοῦ τό εἶναι λαβόντων, ἵνα μή τά καθ᾿ ἕκαστον λέγω, τόν αὐτόν μέν ἀπείρῳ δι᾿ ἑαυτόν ὑπεροχῇ ἄφραστον ὄντα καί ἀκατανόητον, καί πάσης ἐπέκεινα κτίσεως, καί τῆς κατ᾿ αὐτήν οὔσης καί νοουμένης διαφορᾶς καί διακρίσεως, καί τόν αὐτόν ἐν πᾶσι τοῖς ἐξ αὐτοῦ κατά τήν ἑκάστου ἀναλογίαν ἀγαθοπρεπῶς δεικνύμενόν τε καί πληθυνόμενον, καί εἰς ἑαυτόν τά πάντα ἀνακεφαλαιούμενον, καθ᾿ ὅν τό τε εἶναι καί τό διαμένειν, καί ἐξ οὗ τά γεγονότα ὡς γέγονε, καί ἐφ᾿ ᾧ γέγονε, καί μένοντα καί κινούμενα μετέχει Θεοῦ.

For by virtue of the fact that all things have their being from God, they participate in God in a manner appropriate and proportionate to each, whether by intellect, by reason, by sensation, by vital motion, or by some essential faculty or habitual fitness, according to the great theologian, Dionysios the Areopagite.²²

Πάντα γάρ μετέχει διά τό ἐκ Θεοῦ γεγενῆσθαι, ἀναλόγως Θεοῦ, ἤ κατά νοῦν, ἤ λόγον, ἤ αἴσθησιν, ἤ κίνησιν ζωτικήν, ἤ οὐσιώδη καί ἑκτικήν ἐπιτηδειότητα, ὡς τῷ μεγάλῳ καί θεοφάντορι Διονυσίῳ δοκεῖ τῷ Ἀρεοπαγίτῃ.

17. It follows, then, that each of the intellective and rational beings, whether angels or men, insofar as it has been created in accordance with the logos that exists in and with God, is and is called a “portion of God,” precisely because of that logos, which, as we said, preexists in God. {io8oC1

Ἕκαστον οὖν τῶν νοερῶν τε καί λογικῶν ἀγγέλων τε καί ἀνθρώπων αὐτῷ τῷ καθ᾿ ὅν ἐκτίσθη λόγῳ τῷ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ ὄντι, καί πρός τόν Θεόν ὄντι, μοῖρα καί λέγεται καί ἔστι Θεοῦ, διά τόν αὐτοῦ προόντα ἐν τῷ Θεῷ , καθώς εἴρηται, λόγον.

If such a being moves according to its logos, it comes to be in Godin whom its logos of being preexists—as its Origin and Cause. As long as it wishes and yearns to know nothing apart  from its own origin, it does not flow away from God, but rather, in its upward movement toward God, it becomes God and is said to be a “portion” of God through its proper mode of participation in God, because, according to nature, wisely and rationally, and through a properly ordered movement, it attains its own origin and cause, having nowhere else to be moved besides its own beginning, or beyond the ascent and restoration to the logos according to which it was created, nor any other way of being moved, since its movement toward the divine goal clearly takes as its final limit the divine goal itself.

Ἀμέλει τοι, καί εἰ κατ᾿ αὐτόν κινηθείη, ἐν τῷ Θεῷ γενήσεται, ἐν ᾧ ὁ τοῦ εἶναι αὐτοῦ λόγος προένεστιν, ὡς ἀρχή καί αἰτία, κἄν μηδενός ἄλλου πρό τῆς ἰδίας ἀρχῆς κατά πόθον ἐπιλαβέσθαι θελήσοι, οὐκ ἀπορῥέει Θεοῦ, ἀλλά μᾶλλον τῇ πρός αὐτόν ἀνατάσει Θεός γίνεται καί μοῖρα Θεοῦ λέγεται τῷ μετέχειν προσηκόντως Θεοῦ, ὡς κατά φύσιν σοφῶς τε καί λελογισμένως δι᾿ εὐπρεποῦς κινήσεως τῆς οἰκείας ἐπιλαβόμενος ἀρχῆς καί αἰτίας, οὐκ ἔχων λοιπόν ἄλλοθί ποι μετά τήν ἰδίαν ἀρχήν καί τήν πρός τόν καθ᾿ ὅν ἐκτίσθη λόγον ἄνοδόν τε καί ἀποκατάστασιν κινηθῆναι, ἤ πῶς κινηθῆναι, τῆς ἐπί τῷ θείῳ δηλονότι σκοπῷ κινήσεως αὐτοῦ αὐτόν πέρας λαβούσης τόν θεῖον σκοπόν.

18. Saint Basil makes this clear in his commentary on the prophet Isaiah, ^{zo8oD) when he says: “True Sabbaths are the rest prepared for the people of God, and God can bear them because they are true. These Sabbaths of rest are attained by the person in whom the world has been crucified, for he has moved away from worldly things, and has arrived at his own place of spiritual rest. Whoever finds himself in such a place will never be moved from it, for it is his own, {io8IA} and is characterized by tranquility and imperturbability.”²³ God is thus the “place” for all those deemed worthy of such blessedness, just as it is written: Be Thou to me a protecting God, and a strong place to save me.

Ὡς δηλοῖ καί ὁ ἅγιος Βασίλειος, ἐν τῇ εἰς τόν ἅγιον προφήτητν Ἡσαΐαν ἑρμηνείᾳ, λέγων οὕτως· "Σάββατα δέ ἀληθῆ ἡ ἀποκειμένη ἀνάπαυσις τῷ λαῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἅπερ διά τό ἀληθῆ εἶναι ἀνέχεται ὁ Θεός καί φθάνει γε ἐπ᾿ ἐκεῖνα τά Σάββατα τῆς ἀναπαύσεως, παρ᾿ ὧ ὁ κόσμος ἐσταύρωται, ἀποστάς δηλονότι τῶν κοσμικῶν, καί ἐπί τόν ἴδιον τόπον τῆς πνευματικῆς ἀναπαύσεως καταντήσας, ἐν ᾧ ὁ γενόμενος οὐκ ἔτι κινηθήσεται ἀπό τοῦ ἰδίου τόπου, ἡσυχίας καί ἀταραξίας (1081) περί τήν κατάστασιν ἐκείνην ὑπαρχούσης· πάντων οὖν τόπος τῶν ἀξιουμένων τῆς τοιαύτης μακαριότητος ἐστιν ὁ Θεός κατά τό γεγραμμένον· Γενοῦ μοι εἰς Θεόν ὑπερασπιστήν καί εἰς τόπον ὀχυρόν τοῦ σῶσαί με."

19. In God the logoi of all things are steadfastly fixed, and it is on the basis of these that God is said to know all things before they come into being for in absolute truth,

Παρ᾿ ᾧ βεβαίως πάντων οἱ λόγοι πεπήγασι καθ᾿ οὕς καί γινώσκειν τά πάντα πρίν γενέσεως αὐτῶν λέγεται, ὡς ἐν αὐτῷ καί παρ᾿ αὐτῷ ὄντων, αὐτῇ τῇ ἀληθείᾳ τῶν πάντων.

in Him and with Him are all things, even though all things — things present and things to come—were not called into existence simultaneously with their logoi or with their being known by God. Instead, in the wisdom of the Creator, individual things were created at the appropriate moment in time, in a manner consistent with their logoi, and thus they received in themselves actual existence as beings.²⁴

Κἄν εἰ αὐτά τά πάντα, τά τε ὄντα καί τά ἐσόμενα, οὐχ ἅμα τοῖς ἑαυτῶν λόγοις, ἤ τῷ γνωσθῆναι ὑπό Θεοῦ, εἰς τό εἶναι παρήχθησαν, ἀλλ᾿ ἕκαστα τῷ ἐπιτηδείῳ καιρῷ κατά τήν τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ σοφίαν πρεπόντως κατά τούς ἑαυτῶν λόγους δημιουργούμενα καί καθ᾿ ἑαυτά εἶναι τῇ ἐνεργείᾳ λαμβάνῃ.

For God is eternally an active creator, but creatures exist first in potential, and only later in actuality, ^{f to8IB}} since it is not possible for the infinite and the finite to exist simultaneously on the same level of being. Indeed no argument will ever be able to demonstrate the simultaneous interdependence of being and what transcends being, or of the measureless and what is subject to measurement, or that the absolute can be ranked with the relative, or that something of which no specific category can positively be predicated can be placed in the same class as what is constituted by all the categories.

Ἐπειδή ὁ μέν ἀεί  κατ᾿ ἐνέργειάν ἐστι Δημιουργός, τά δέ δυνάμει μέν ἐστιν, ἐνεργείᾳ δέ οὐκ ἔτι· ὅτι μηδέ οἷόν τε τῶν ἅμα εἶναι τό ἄπειρον καί τά πεπερασμένα, οὐδέ τις δεῖξαι λόγος ἀναφανήσεται τῶν ἄμα εἶναι δύνασθαι τήν οὐσίαν καί τό ὑπερούσιον, καί εἰς ταυτόν ἀγαγεῖν τῷ ἐν μέτρῳ τό ἄμετρον, καί τῷ ἐν σχέσει τό ἄσχετον, καί τό μηδέν ἔχον ἐπ᾿αὐτοῦ κατηγορίας εἶδος καταφασκόμενον τῷ διά πάντων τούτων συνισταμένῳ.

For in their substance and formation all created things are positively defined by their own logoi, and by the logoi that exist around them and which constitute their defining limits.²⁵

Πάντα γάρ τά κτιστά κατ᾿ οὐσίαν τε καί γένεσιν παντάπασι καταφάσεκται τοῖς ἰδίοις καί τοῖς περί αὐτά οὖσι τῶν ἐκτός λόγοις περιεχόμενα.

20. When, however, we exclude the highest form of negative theology concerning the Logos—according to which the Logos is neither called, nor considered, nor is, in His entirety, anything that can be attributed to anything else,²⁶ since He is beyond all being, and is not participated in by any being whatsoever—when, I say, we set this way of thinking aside, the one Logos is many logoi and the [io8iC} many are One. According to the creative and sustaining procession of the One to individual beings, which is befitting of divine goodness, the One is many.²⁷

Ὑπεξῃρημένης οὖν τῆς ἄκρας καί ἀποφατικῆς τοῦ λόγου θεολογίας, καθ᾿ ἥν οὔτε λέγεται, οὔτε νοεῖται, οὔτε ἔστι τό σύνολόν τι τῶν ἄλλῳ συνεγνωσμένων, ὡς ὑπερούσιος, οὐδέ ὑπό τινος οὐδαμῶς καθ᾿ ὁτιοῦν μετέχεται, πολλοί λόγοι ὁ εἷς λόγος ἐστί, καί εἷς οἱ πολλοί·

According to the revertive, inductive, and providential return of the many to the One—as if to an all-powerful point of origin, or to the center of a circle precontaining the beginnings of the radii originating from it²⁸—insofar as the One gathers everything together, the many are One. We are, then, and are called “portions of God” because of the logoi of our being that exist eternally in God.

κατά μέν τήν ἀγαθοπρεπῆ εἰς τά ὄντα τοῦ ἑνός ποιητικήν τε καί συνεκτικήν πρόοδον πολλοί ὁ εἷς, κατά δέ τήν εἰς τόν ἕνα τῶν πολλῶν ἐπιστρεπτικήν τε καί χειραγωγικήν ἀναφοράν τε καί πρόνοιαν, ὥσπερ εἰς ἀρχήν παντοκρατορικήν ἤ κέντρον τῶν ἐξ αὐτοῦ εὐθειῶν τάς ἀρχάς προειληφός καί ὡς πάντων συναγωγός, εἷς οἱ πολλοί.

Moreover, we are said to have “flowed down from above” because we have failed to move in a manner consistent with the logos according to which we were created and which preexists in God.

Μοῖρα οὖν ἐσμεν καί λεγόμεθα Θεοῦ διά τό τούς τοῦ εἶναι ἡμῶν λόγους ἐν τῷ Θεῷ προϋφεστάναι· ρεύσαντες δέ ἄνωθεν πάλιν λεγόμεθα διότι μή καθ᾿ ὅν γεγενήμεθα λόγον τόν ἐν τῷ Θεῷ προόντα κεκινήμεθα.

21. There is another way to apprehend this principle, which will be familiar to those who have been taught to approach the logoi in accord with right faith and practice.

Καί καθ᾿ ἕτερον δέ τρόπον ἐστίν εὐμαρές τῷ εὐσεβῶς ἐπιβάλλειν τοῖς τῶν ὄντων λόγοις δεδιδαγμένῳ τόν περί τούτου λόγον διεξελθεῖν.

The essence in every virtue is the one Logos of God—and this can hardly be doubted ^tio81DJ since the essence of all the virtues is our Lord, Jesus Christ, as it is written: God made Him our wisdom, our righteousness, our holiness, and our redemption.

Εἰ γάρ οὐσία τῆς ἐν ἑκάστῳ ἀρετῆς ὁ εἷς ὑπάρχειν Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ μή ἀμφιβέβληταιοὐσία γάρ πάντων τῶν ἀρετῶν αὐτός ἐστιν ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦς Χριστός, ὡς γέγραπται· Ὅς ἐγενήθη ἡμῖν ἀπό Θεοῦ σοφία, διακαιοσύνη τε καί ἁγιασμός καί ἀπολύτρωσις,

These things are of course said about Him in an absolute sense, for He is Wisdom and Righteousness and Sanctification itself, and not in some limited sense, as is the case with human beings, as for example in the expression a “wise man” or a “just man.” Which is to say that anyone who through fixed habit participates in virtue, unquestionably participates in God, who is the substance of the virtues. For such a person freely and unfeignedly chooses to cultivate the natural ^{Io84AJ seed of the Good, and has shown the end to be the same as the beginning, and the beginning to be the same as the end, or rather that the beginning and the end are one and the same. In this he is a genuine advocate of God, since the goal of each thing is believed to be its beginning and end, for it is from the beginning that he received being and participation in what is naturally good, and it is by conforming to this beginning through the inclination of his will and by free choice, that he hastens to the end, diligently adhering to the praiseworthy course that conducts him unerringly to his point of origin. Having completed his course, such a person becomes God, receiving from God to be God, for to the beautiful nature inherent in the fact that he is God’s image, he freely chooses to add the likeness to God by means of the virtues, in a natural movement of ascent through which he grows in conformity to his own beginning.

ἀπολύτως ταῦτα δηλαδή ἐπ' αὐτοῦ λεγόμενα ἔχων, ὡς αὐτοσοφία καί δικαιοσύνη καί ἁγιότης ὤν, καί οὐχ ὡς ἐφ᾿ ἡμῶν προσδιωρισμένως, οἷον ὡς σοφός ἄνθρωπος, ἤ δίκαιος ἄνθρωπος, πᾶς δηλονότι ἄνθρωπος ἀρετῆς καθ᾿ ἕξιν παγίαν μετέχων ἀναμφηρίστως Θεοῦ μετέχει τῆς οὐσίας τῶν ἀρετῶν, ὡς τήν κατά (1084) φύσιν σποράν τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ γνησίως κατά προαίρεσιν γεωργήσας καί ταυτόν δείξας τῇ ἀρχῇ τό τέλος, και τήν ἀρχήν τῷ τέλει, μᾶλλον δέ ταυτόν ἀρχήν οὖσαν καί τέλος, ὡς ἀνόθευτος Θεοῦ τυγχάνων συνήγορος, εἴπερ παντός πράγματος ἀρχή καί τέλος ὁ ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ σκοπός ὑπάρχειν πεπίστευται, τήν μέν ὡς ἐκεῖθεν εἰληφώς προς τῷ εἶναι καί τό κατά μέθεξιν φύσει ἀγαθόν, τό δέ ὡς κατ᾿ αὐτήν γνώμῃ τε καί προαιρέσει τόν ἐπαινετόν καί πρός αὐτήν ἀπλανῶς ἄγοντα ἐξανύσας δρόμον διά σπουδῆς, καθ᾿ ὅν γίνεται Θεός, ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ τό Θεός εἶναι λαμβάνων, ὡς τῷ κατ᾿ εἰκόνα φύσει καλῷ καί προαιρέσει τήν δι᾿ ἀρετῶν προσθείς ἐξομοίωσιν, διά τῆς ἐμφύτου πρός τήν ἰδίαν ἀρχήν ἀναβάσεώς τε καί οἰκειότητος.

22. In such a person the apostolic word is fulfilled, ^{io84B} which says: In Him we live and move and have our being

Καί πληροῦται λοιπόν καί ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ τό ἀποστολικόν ῥητόν τό φάσκον· Ἐν αὐτῷ γάρ ζῶμεν καί κινούμεθα καί ἐσμέν.

for he comes to be “in” God through attentiveness, since he has not falsified the logos of being that preexists in God; and he “moves” in God in accordance with the logos of well-being that preexists in God, since he is moved to action by the virtues; and he “lives” in God in accordance with the logos of eternal being that also preexists in God.

Γίνεται γάρ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ διά προσοχῆς, τόν ἐν τῷ Θεῷ προόντα τοῦ εἶναι λόγον μή παραφθείρας, καί κινεῖται ἐν τῷ Θεῷ κατά τόν προόντα ἐν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ εὖ εἶναι λόγον, διά τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐνεργούμενος, καί ζῇ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ κατά τόν προόντα ἐν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ ἀεί εἶναι λόγον.

In this life he has already become one with himself and immovable, owing to his state of supreme impassibility, and in the age to come, through the divinization which will be given to him, he will love and cleave affectionately to the aforementioned logoi that preexist in God, or rather he will love and cleave affectionately to God Himself, in whom the logoi of beautiful things are steadfastly fixed. He is a “portion of God,” then, insofar as he exists, for he owes his existence to the logos of being that is in God; and he is a “portion of God” insofar as he is good, for he owes his goodness to the logos of wellbeing that is in God; and he is a “portion of God” insofar as he is God, owing to the ^[1084C] logos of his eternal being that is in God. In honoring these logoi and acting in accordance with them, he places himself wholly in God alone, forming and configuring God alone throughout his entire being, so that he himself by grace is and is called God, just as  God by His condescension is and is called man for the sake of man, and also so that the power of this reciprocal disposition might be shown forth herein, a power that divinizes man through his love for God, and humanizes God through His love for man.²⁹ And by this beautiful exchange, it renders God man by reason of the divinization of man, and man God by reason of the Incarnation of God

Ἐντεῦθεν μέν ἤδη κατά τήν ἀπαθεστάτην ἕξιν ταυτόν ἑαυτῷ καί ἀκίνητος ὤν, ἐν δέ τῷ μέλλοντι αἰῶνι κατα´τήν δοθησομένην θέωσιν τούς εἰρημένους καί ἐν τῷ Θεῷ πρόντας λόγους, μᾶλλον δέ τόν Θεόν, ἐν ᾧ οἱ λόγοι τῶν καλῶν πεπήγασιν, ἀγαπητικῶς στέργων καί ἀσπαζόμενος· καί ἔστι μοῖρα Θεοῦ, ὡς ὤν, διά τόν ἐν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ εἶναι αὐτοῦ λόγον, καί ὡς ἀγαθός, διά τόν ἐν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ ἀεί εἶναι αὐτοῦ λόγον, καί ὡς Θεός, διά τόν ἐν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦ ἀεί εἶναι αὐτοῦ λόγον, ὡς τούτους τιμήσας καί κατ᾿ αὐτούς ἐνεργήσας, καί δι᾿ αὐτῶν ἑαυτόν μέν τῷ Θεῷ μόνῳ δι᾿ ὅλου ἐνθέμενος, τόν δέ Θεόν μόνον ἑαυτῷ δι᾿ ὅλου ἐντυπώσας τε καί μορφώσας, ὥστε καί αὐτόν εἶναί τε χάριτι κκακί καλεῖσθαι Θεόν, καί τόν Θεόν εἶναι συγκαταβάσει καί καλεῖσθαι δι᾿ αὐτόν ἄνθρωπον, καί τῆς ἀντιδιδομένης ἐπί τούτῳ διαθέσεως δειχθῆναι τήν δύναμιν, τήν καί τόν ἄνθρωπον τῷ Θεῷ θεοῦσαν διά τό φιλόθεον, καί τόν Θεόν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ διά τό φιλάνθρωπον ἀνθρωπίζουσαν καί ποιοῦσαν κατά τήν καλήν ἀντιστροφήν, τόν μέν Θεόν ἄνθρωπον, διά τήν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου θέωσιν, τόν δέ ἄνθρωπον Θεόν, διά τήν τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀνθρώπησιν.

. For the Logos of God (who is God) ^[1084D] wills always and in all things to accomplish the mystery of His embodiment.

Βούλεται γάρ ἀεί καί ἐν πᾶσιν ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ Λόγος καί Θεός τῆς αὐτοῦ ἐνσωματώσεως ἐνεργεῖσθαι τό μυστήριον.

23. But anyone who is a “portion of God,” on account of the logos of virtue that exists in God, as was explained above, and who abandons his own origin, is irrationally swept away toward nonbeing, and thus is rightly said to have “flowed down from above,” since he did not move toward his own origin and cause, according to which, by which, and for which, he came to be. “Flowing down from above” in this manner, he enters a condition of unstable deviations, suffering fearful disorders of soul and body, failing to reach his inerrant and unchanging end, {Io85A} by freely choosing to turn in the direction of what is inferior.

Ὅστις δέ τῆς ἰδίας ἀφέμενος ἀρχῆς μοῖρα τυγχάνων Θεοῦ διά τόν ἐν αὐτῷ τῆς ἀρετῆς ὄντα λόγον κατά τήν ἀποδοθεῖσαν αἰτίαν πρός τό μή ὄν παραλόγως φέρεται, εἰκότως ἄνωθεν ῥεῦσαι λέγεται, μή πρός τήν ἰδίαν ἀρχήν τε καί αἰτίαν καθ᾿ ἥν καί ἐφ᾿ ᾗ καί δι᾿ ἥν γεγένηται κινηθείς, καί ἔστιν ἐν ἀστάτῳ περιφορᾷ καί ἀταξίᾳ δεινῇ ψυχῆς τε καί σώματος, τῆς ἀπλανοῦς καί ὡσαύτως ἐχούσης αἰτίας τῇ πρός τό χεῖρον (1085) ἑκουσίῳ ῥοπῇ τήν ἀποτυχίαν ἑαυτοῦ καταπραξάμενος.

Here the sense of “flowing down” can be understood literally, for though such a person had it well within his power to direct the footsteps of his soul to God, he freely chose to exchange what is better and real for what is inferior and nonexistent.

Ἐφ᾿ οὗ καί τό ῥεῦσαι κυρίως λεχθείη ἄν ὅτι ἐπ᾿ αὐτῷ κειμένης τῆς πρός Θεόν ἀδηρίτως τάς τῆς ψυχῆς βάσεις ποιεῖσθαι δυναμένης ἐξουσίας, τό χεῖρον καί μή τοῦ κρείττονος καί ὄντος ἑκών ἀντηλλάξατο.

[The doctrine of the logoi defended]

24. Saint Dionysios the Areopagite teaches us that Scripture calls these logoi “predeterminations” and “divine wills.”³⁰

Τούτους δέ οὕς ἔφην τούς λόγους ὁ μέν Ἀρεοπαγίτης ἅγιος Διονύσιος προορισμούς καί θεῖα θελήματα καλεῖσθαι ὑπό τῆς Γραφῆς ἡμᾶς ἐκδιδάσκει.

The disciples of Pantainos (the teacher of the great Clement, who wrote the Stromateis) also say that it is the habit of Scripture to call them “divine wills.”³¹

Ὁμοίως δέ καί οἱ περί Πάνταινον τόν γενόμενον καθηγητήν τοῦ Στρωματέως μεγάλου Κλήμενος θεῖα θελήματα τῇ Γραφῇ φίλον καλεῖσθαί φασι.

For when they were approached by some of those who boast in their secular learning, and were asked what Christians believed about the manner in which God knows beings (for they themselves believed that God knows intelligible things by [1085B) intellection, and sensory things by sensation), they answered that God neither knows sensory things by sensation, nor intelligible things by intellection³²

Ὅθεν ἐρωτηθέντες ὑπό τινων τῶν ἔξω παίδευσιν γαύρων, πῶς γινώσκειν τά ὄντα τόν Θεόν δοξάζουσιν οἱ Χριστιανοί, ὑπειληφότων ἐκείνων, νοερῶς τά νοητά, καί αἰσθητικῶς τά αἰσθητά, γινώσκειν αὐτόν τά ὄντα ἀπεκρίναντο, μήτε αἰσθητικῶς τά αἰσθητά, μήτε νοερῶς τά νοητά.

(for it is not possible, as has been demonstrated, that He who is beyond all beings should know beings in a manner derived from beings, but we say that He knows beings as His own wills), after which they added the following logical proof:

Οὐ γάρ εἶναι δυνατόν τόν ὑπέρ τά ὄντα κατά τά ὄντα τῶν ὄντων ἀντιλαμβάνεσθαι· ἀλλ᾿ ὡς ἴδια θελήματα γινώσκειν αὐτόν τά ὄντα φαμέν, προσθέντες καί τοῦ λόγου τό εὔλογον.

If God created all things by His will—which no one denies—and if it is always pious and correct to say that God knows His own will, and that He willingly made each of the things that He made, it follows that God knows beings as His own wills, for He willingly brought them into being.

Εἰ γάρ θελήματι τά πάντα πεποίηκε, καί οὐδείς ἀντερεῖ λόγος, γινώσκειν δέ τό ἴδιον θέλημα τόν Θεόν εὐσεβές τε λέγειν ἀεί καί δίκαιόν ἐστιν, ἕκαστον δέ τῶν γεγονότων θέλων πεποίηκεν, ἄρα ὡς ἴδια θελήματα ὁ Θεός τά ὄντα γινώσκει, ἐπειδή καί θέλων τά ὄντα πεποίηκεν.

 Based on these considerations, I think that Scripture, consistent with these same principles, says to Moses: I know you above all; and concerning some others: The Lord knows those who are {1o85C} His own. To still others it says: I know you not. In each case, the voluntary decision to move either in accord with the will and logos of God or against it prepared each person to hear the divine voice.

Ἐντεῦθεν δέ ὁρμώμενος ἔγωγε οἶμαι κατά τούτους εἰρῆσθαι τῇ Γραφῇ τούς λόγους, τό, Ἔγνων σε παρά πάντας, πρός Μωϋσῆν, καί περί τινων τό, Ἔγνω Κύριος τούς ὄντας αὐτοῦ, "καί πάλιν πρός τινας τό, Οὐκ οἶδα ὑμᾶς· ὡς ἕκαστον δηλονότι ἤ κατά τό θέλημα καί τόν λόγον, ἤ παρά τό θέλημα καί τόν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ προαιρετική κίνησις τῆς θείας ἀκοῦσαι φωνῆς παρεσκεύασε.

25. Such things, I believe, are what Saint Gregory means when he speaks of a time “when this Godlike, divine thing, I mean our intellect and reason, will mingle with its kin, when the image ascends to the archetype it now longs after.”³³ With these same few words, he masterfully dissuades those  who thought that any being has at any time reached its final goal, [Io85D} and explains in what sense we are a “portion” of God. He also speaks indirectly of what this blessed state will be like in the future, and urges on those who in hope are purifying themselves for and hastening to this unyielding enjoyment, which will never cease or change.

Ταῦτα καί τά τοιαῦτα τόν θεοφόρον τοῦτον ἄνδρα οἶμαι νοήσαντα εἰπεῖν, "ἐπειδάν τό θεοειδές τοῦτο καί θεῖον, τόν ἡμέτερον νοῦν τε καί λόγον, τῷ οἰκείῳ προσμίξωμεν, καί ἡ εἰκών ἀνέλθῃ πρός τό ἀρχέτυπον, οὗ νῦν ἔχει τήν ἔφεσιν·" ὁμοῦ τε καί κατά ταυτόν διά τῶν μικρῶν τούτων ῥημάτων τοῦ ποτε τοῦτό τι τῶν ὄντων ἐφθακέναι τό μέτρον οἴεσθαι διδασκαλικῶς ἀπάγοντα τούς νομίζοντας, καί τόν τοῦ πῶς μοῖρά ἐσμεν Θεοῦ λόγον παραδηλοῦντα, καί τήν μέλλουσαν τῆς μακαρίας λήξεως ἰδιότητα αἰνιττόμενον, καί πρός τήν ἄσειστον αὐτῆς καί ἀκλόνητον καί οὐδαμοῦ μεταπίπτουσαν ἀπόλαυσιν παρορμῶντα τούς ἐπί τούτῳ δι᾿ ἐλπίδος καθαιρομένους καί σπεύδοντας.

For he knew that if we were to progress [io88A} simply and in a straight course, in accord with reason and nature, toward that which is reflected in our substance and intellect, without any kind of searching whatsoever (for only in searching is there the possibility of stumbling and going astray), we too, as much as is possible for us, would know all things in a Godlike way, no longer being held back in ignorance by the motion that envelops them, because our intellect, reason (logos), and spirit will have drawn near to that great Intellect, Logos, and Spirit, indeed our whole self will have returned to the whole God as an image to its archetype.

Ἤδει γάρ, ὡσεί πρός ὅ ἔχομεν οὐσίᾳ τε καί λόγῳ τάς ἐμφάσεις κατά λόγον καί φύσιν εὐθυπορήσαιμεν (1088) ἁπλῇ προσβολῇ, καί ἡμεῖς, πάσης τῆς οἱασοῦν ζητήσεως χωρίς, περί ἥν μόνην ἐστί τό πταίειν καί σφάλλεσθαι, θεοειδῶς κατά τό ἐφικτόν τά πάντα εἰσόμεθα, μηκέτι δι᾿ ἄγνοιαν τῆς περί αὐτά κινήσεως ἀντεχόμενοι, ὡς νοΐ τῷ μεγάλῳ καί λόγῳ καί πνεύματι τόν ἡμέτερον νοῦν τε καί λόγον καί πνεῦμα, μᾶλλον δέ ὅλῳ Θεῷ ὅλους ἑαυτούς ὡς ἀρχετύπῳ εἰκόνι προσχωρήσαντες.

{Description of the final state}

26. He teaches the same thing in his oration “On the Plague of Hail,” when he says: “They will be received by the ineffable light and vision of the holy and majestic Trinity, shining upon them with greater brilliance and purity, and which will be wholly mingled with the whole of the intellect, and this alone I take to be the kingdom of heaven,” ³`’ at which point—if I may dare to add my own words to his—the {Io88B} whole of rational creation, both of angels and human beings, will be filled with spiritual pleasure and joy. I mean those creatures that did not, out of negligence, violate any of the divine logoi, who by their natural motion were inclined to the end established by the Creator, but kept themselves wholly chaste and faithful to their end, knowing that they are and will become instruments of the divine nature. For God in His fullness entirely permeates them, as a soul permeates the body, since they are to serve as His own members, well suited and useful to the Master, who shall use them as He thinks best, filling them with His own glory and blessedness, graciously giving them eternal, inexpressible life, completely free from the constituent properties of this present life, which is marred by corruption. [ro88C} The life that God will give does not consist in the breathing of air, or in the flow of blood from the liver, but in the fact that God will be wholly participated by whole human beings, so that He will be to the soul, as it were, what the soul is to the body,³⁵ and through the soul He will likewise be present in the body (in a manner that He knows), so that the soul will receive immutability and the body immortality. In this way, man as a whole will be divinized, being made God by the grace of God who became man. Man will remain wholly man in soul and body, owing to his nature, but will become wholly God in soul and body owing to the grace and the splendor of the blessed glory of God, which is wholly appropriate to him, and beyond which nothing more splendid or sublime can be imagined.

Καθώς καί ἐν τῷ περί χαλάζης λόγῳ διέξεισιν, οὑτωσί φάσκων· φυσική θεωρία Καί τούς μέν τό ἄφραστον φῶς διαδέξεται, καί ἡ τῆς ἁγίας καί βασιλικῆς θεωρίας Τριάδος ἐλλαμπούσης τρανότερόν τε καί καθαρώτερον, καί ὅλης ὅλῳ νοΐ μιγνυμένης, ἥν δή καί μόνην βασιλείαν οὐρανῶν ἐγώ τίθημι," ἡνίκα ἡδονῇ ἥδεται καί ἀγάλλεται, ἵνα τοῖς αὐτοῦ τολμήσας συνάψω τά ἐμαυτοῦ, πᾶσα κτίσις λογική ἀγγέλων τε καί ἀνθρώπων, ὅσοι μηδένα τῶν πρός τό τέλος κατά τήν κίνησιν φυσικῶς συνηρμοσμένων αὐτοῖς θείων λόγων παρά τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ ἐξ ἀπροσεξίας παρέφθειραν, διεσώσαντο δέ μᾶλλον σωφρόνως ἑαυτούς ὅλους καί ἀπαρατρέπτους, ὡς θείας ὄργανα φύσεως, καί ὄντας καί γενησομένους εἰδότες, οὕς δι᾿ ὅλου ὅλος περιφύς ὁ Θεός τρόπον ψυχῆς, ὥσπερ μέλη σώματος ἄρτια καί εὔχρηστα τῷ Δεσπότῃ γενησομένους, πρός τό δοκοῦν μεταχειρίζεται, καί τῆς οἰκείας πληροῖ δόξης τε καί μακαριότητος, ζωήν διδούς καί χαριζόμενος τήν ἀΐδιόν τε καί ἀνεκλάλητον, καί παντάπασι παντός ἐλευθέραν γνωρίσματος συστατικῆς ἰδιότητος τῆς παρούσης καί διά φθορᾶς συνισταμένης ζωῆς, ἥν οὐκ ἀήρ εἰσπνεόμενος, οὐδ᾿ αἵματος ὀχετοί τοῦ ἥπατος ἀποῤῥέοντες συνιστῶσιν, ἀλλά Θεός ὅλος ὅλοις μετεχόμενος, καί ψυχῆς τρόπον πρός σῶμα τῇ ψυχῇ, καί διά μέσης ψυχῆς πρός σῶμα γινόμενος, ὡς οἶδεν αὐτός, ἵν᾿ ἡ μέν ἀτρεψίαν δέξηται, τό δέ ἀθανασίαν, καί ὅλος ἄνθρωπος θεωθῇ τῇ τοῦ ἐνανθρωπήσαντος Θεοῦ χάριτι θεουργούμενος, ὄλος μέν ἄνθρωπος μένων κατά ψυχήν καί σῶμα διά τήν φύσιν, καί ὅλος γενόμενος Θεός κατά ψυχήν κκαί σῶμα διά τήν χάριν καί τήν ἐμπρέπουσαν αὐτῷ διόλου θείαν τῆς μακαρίας δόξης λαμπρότητα, μεθ᾿ ἥν οὐκ ἔστι τι ἐπινοῆσαι λαμπρότερον ἤ ὑψηλότερον.

27. What could be more desirable to those who are worthy of it than divinization? For through it God is united with those who have become Gods, and by His goodness makes all things His own. This state, which is brought about by the contemplation of God and the enjoyment of the gladness that follows it, has rightly been described as pleasure, passion, [io88D} and joy. It is called pleasure, insofar as it is the consummation of all natural strivings (for this is the meaning of pleasure). It is called passion, insofar as it is an ecstatic power, elevating the passive recipient to the state of an active agent,³⁶ as in the examples given above of air permeated by light, and iron suffused with fire. These examples, drawn from nature, demonstrate persuasively that there is no {io89A} higher summit of transformation for created beings apart from that in which their natural elements remain inviolate.

Τί γάρ θεώσεως τοῖς ἀξίοις ἐρασμιώτερον, καθ᾿ ἥν ὁ Θεός θεοῖς γενομένοις ἑνούμενος τό πᾶν ἑαυτοῦ ποιεῖται δι᾿ ἀγαθότητα; Διό καί ἡδονήν καί πεῖσιν καί χαράν καλῶς ὠνόμασαν τήν τοιαύτην κατάστασιν, τήν τῇ θείᾳ κατανοήσει καί τῇ ἑπομένῃ αὐτῇ τῆς εὐφροσύνης ἀπολαύσει, ἡδονήν μέν, ὡς τέλος οὖσαν τῶν κατά φύσιν ἐνεργειῶν (οὕτω γάρ τήν ἡδονήν ὁρίζονται), πεῖσιν δέ ὡς ἐκστατικήν δύναμιν, πρός τό ποιοῦν τό πάσχον ἐνάγουσαν, κατά τήν ἀποδοθεῖσαν τοῦ ἀέρος πρός τό φῶς καί τοῦ πυρός πρός τόν σίδηρον παραδειγματικήν αἰτίαν, καί πείθουσαν φυσικῶς καί ἀληθῶς μή ἄλλο τι εἶναι (1089) παρά τοῦτο τῶν ὄντων κεφάλαιον, ᾗ τό ἀπαθές δεόντως ἀκολουθεῖ, χαράν δέ ὡς μηδέν ἔχουσαν ἀντικείμενον μήτε παρελθόν μήτε μέλλον.

It is, finally, called joy, for it encounters nothing opposed to it, for they say that joy neither remembers former sorrows, nor fears the possibility of any future satiety, in the way that pleasure fears the inevitable consequence of pain.

Τήν χαράν γάρ φασι μήτε λύπην ἐπίστασθαι παρελθοῦσαν, μήτε τόν ἐκ φόβου κόρον ἐπιδέχεσθαι προσδοκώμενον, ὥσπερ ἡ ἡδονή.

Thus the whole of inspired Scripture, as well as our holy fathers who from it learned divine mysteries, affirm that joy is the most appropriate name for the truth that is to come.

Ὅθεν καί ὡς ἐνδεικτικήν προσηγορίαν τῆς μελλούσης ἀληθείας ὑπάρχουσαν τήν χαράν ἐκύρωσαν πανταχοῦ οἵ τε θεόπνευστοι λόγοι καί οἱ ἐξ αὐτῶν τά θεῖα σοφισθέντες μυστήρια Πατέρες ἡμῶν.

[Conclusion and final argument on satiety}

28. This then, is a summary account— for my limited abilities enable me to offer you nothing else—in which arguments from nature, Scripture, and the fathers have demonstrated that no created being has ever yet ceased from its motion, or attained to the end ordained for it by God.

Εἰ τοίνυν ὡς ἐν ἐπιδρομῇ, κατ᾿ ἐμέ φάναι τόν μικρόν, φυσικῶς τε καί Γραφικῶς καί Πατρικῶς δέδεικται, ὡς οὐδέν τῶν γενητῶν πώποτε κινούμενον ἔστη, οὐδέ τῆς ἐπ᾿ αὐτό κατά τόν θεῖον σκοπόν ἐπελάβετο λήξεως, πρός δέ τούτοις καί ὡς ἀμήχανον τῆς ἐν τῷ Θεῷ μονιμότητος τῶν ἀξιουμένων παρεγκλιθῆναι τό βάσιμον.

In addition to this, we have also shown that there are absolutely no grounds for thinking that the steadfast foundation in God of those deemed worthy of it can be shaken even slightly.

Πῶς γάρ ἐστι δυνατόν, ἵνα τοῖς εἰρημένοις μικράν τινα πρός βεβαίωσιν τήν ἐκ λογισμῶν δῶμεν βοήθειαν, τούς ἅπαξ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ ὑπαρκτικῶς γενομένους τόν ὑβριστήν κατά τήν ἔφεσιν ὑποδέξασθαι κόρον,

For {Io89B} it is simply not possible that those who once come to be in God should reach satiety and be drawn away by wanton desire.

παντός κόρου κατά τόν ἴδιον λόγον τε καί ὅρον ὀρέξεως τυγχάνοντος σβεστικοῦ, καί κατά δύο συνισταμένου τρόπους.

As a minor proof of this, we can add the following argument: satiety by definition is the quenching of appetite, and this happens either because appetite desired things that were trivial, or because it was repulsed and nauseated by things that were base and repugnant. In these two ways appetite is ordinarily quenched.

Ἤ γάρ τά ὑποκείμενα ὡς μικρά περιγράφουσα ἡ ὄρεξις σβέννυται, ἤ ἀτιμάζουσα ὡς αἰσχρά τε καί εἰδεχθῆ βδελύσσεται, ὑφ᾿ ὧν ὁ κόρος γίνεσθαι πέφυκεν.

It is obvious that neither of these can apply to God, who by nature is infinite and infinitely attractive, and who rather increases the appetites of those who enjoy Him owing to their participation in that which has no limit.

Ὁ δέ Θεός φύσει ὑπάρχων ἄπειρός τε καί τίμιος ἐπιτείνειν μᾶλλον τῶν ἀπαλαυόντων αὐτοῦ διά τῆς μετοχῆς πρός τό ἀόριστον τήν ὄρεξιν πέφυκεν.

29. If this is so— as it surely is — then there never existed this so-called “unity of rational beings,” which {Io89C} fell to pieces after it grew bored from remaining in God, and which, by means of its self-inflicted collapse, brought about the creation of the world. For our part, we do not conceive of the Good as something so narrowly circumscribed and ignoble, as if it could induce a kind of satiety and provoke a rebellion among those whose desire it could not satisfy.

Εἰ δέ τοῦτ᾿ ἀληθές, ὥσπερ οὖν καί ἔστιν, οὐκ ἦν ἄρα ἡ λεγομένη ἑνάς τῶν λογικῶν, ἥτις κόρον λαβοῦσα τῆς ἐν τῷ Θεῷ μονιμότητος ἐμερίσθη, καί τῷ οἰκείῳ σκεδασμῷ τήν τοῦ κόσμου τούτου γένεσιν συνεισήγαγεν, ἵνα μή τό ἀγαθόν ἐμπερίγραπτον ποιώμεθα καί ἄτιμον, ὡς κόρῳ τινί περιοριζόμενον καί στάσεως αἴτιον γινόμενον ἐκείνοις, ὧν τήν ἔφεσιν ἀκίνητον κρατεῖν οὐ δεδύνηται.

In vain, then, as it seems to me, do certain individuals assert such doctrines, concocting beings that have never existed, and, what is more grievous, falsely claiming that our blessed father Gregory subscribed to the same theories. In so doing, they aim, not only to support their own notion—that souls fell from a higher form of life and were punished by being placed in bodies for the evils they had previously committed —but also to try to seduce others into believing that these are reasonable arguments owing to the trustworthiness of the authorities being invoked. Their behavior is unethical and irreligious. [Io89D} But let us leave them in their delusions and, in addition to what has already been said, let us now aim reverently to examine the mind of the teacher from yet another point of view.

Καί μάτην λοιπόν τινες ταύτην θεσπίζουσιν, ὡς ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ, τά ταῦτα φρονοῦντος καταψευδόμενοι, ἐφ᾿ ᾧ μή μόνον αὐτούς ἐκ προτέρου εἴδους ζωῆς τάς ψυχάς εἰς σώματα ἐλθεῖν ἐπί τιμωρίᾳ τῶν προγεγονότων κακῶν φρονεῖν ἐπ᾿ ἀδείας δύνασθαι, ἀλλά καί ἄλλους ἀπατᾷν οὕτως ἔχειν εὐλόγως ἐπιχειρεῖν διά τῆς τῶν προσώπων ἀξιοπιστίας, οὐ καλῶς οὐδ᾿ ὁσίως πράττοντας, ἀλλ᾿ ἐκείνους ἔχοντας ἀφέντες ὡς ἔχουσιν αὐτοί εὐσεβῶς ἡμεῖς τόν νοῦν τοῦ διδασκάλου πρός τοῖς εἰρημένοις καί κατ᾿ ἄλλον σκοπήσομεν τρόπον.

 [Exegesis of Gregory]

30. I do not believe that, in the passage under discussion, Gregory’s aim is to describe the creation of human beings, [zo92A} but rather to explain why human life is beset by so much misery.

Οὐκ οἶμαι τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης αὐτόν γενέσεως ἐνταῦθα, (1092) ἀλλά τῆς ἐπιγενομένης αὐτῇ ταλαιπωρίας τήν αἰτίαν ἀφηγεῖσθαι βούλεσθαι.

For he laments the wretchedness we experience in our bodies, saying: “Oh, what coupling and estrangement! I treat that which I fear with the utmost care, and that which I love, I have come to fear,” and so on.³⁷ Having said this, he seems to ask himself the reasons for the evils into which we have fallen, along with the role that divine providence plays in this, and so he says:

Θρηνήσας γάρ τοῦ σώματος ἡμῶν τήν ἐλεεινότητα διά τοῦ εἰπεῖν, " Ὤ τῆς συζυγίας καί τῆς ἀλλοτριώσεως ! ὅ φοβοῦμαι, περιέπω, καί ὅ στέργω, δέδοικα," καί τά ἑξῆς, καί οἷον πρός ἑαυτόν διαπορήσας περί τῆς αἰτίας τῶν οἷς ἐνισχήμεθα κακῶν καί τῆς κατ᾿ αὐτήν σοφωτάτης προνοίας διά τοῦ φάναι.

 “What is this wisdom that concerns me? And what is this great mystery?” To this he offers a clear solution with the words: “Is it God’s will that we, who are a portion of God that has flowed down from above, not become exalted and lifted up on account of this dignity, and so despise our Creator? Or is it not rather that, in our struggle and battle with the body, we should always look to Him, so that this very weakness that has been yoked to us might be an education [zo92B} concerning our dignity?”³⁸

" Τίς ἡ περί ἐμέ σοφία, καί τί τό μέγα τοῦτο μυστήριον; " ἐπάγει τήν λύσιν τρανῶς ποιούμενος οὕτως· " Ἡ βούλεται μοῖραν ἡμᾶς ὄντας Θεοῦ καί ἄνωθεν ῥεύσαντας, ἵνα μή διά τήν ἀξίαν ἐπαιρόμενοι καί μετεωριζόμενοι καταφρονῶμεν τοῦ Κτίσαντος, ἐν τῇ πρός τό σῶμα πάλῃ καί μάχῃ πρός αὐτόν ἀεί βλέπειν, καί τήν συνεζευγμένην ἀσθένειαν παιδαγωγίαν εἶναι τοῦ ἀξιώματος."

31. It is as if Gregory were saying that God in His goodness made man as a union of soul and body, so that the soul which was given to him, being rational and intellectual—because it is the very image of its Creator— should, on the one hand, by means of its desire and the whole power of its total love, cling closely to God through knowledge, and, growing in likeness to God, be divinized; and, on the other hand, through its mindful care for what is lower, in accordance with the commandment to love one’s neighbor as oneself, it should make prudent use of the body, with a view to ordering it to the  mind through the virtues, and acquaint it with God as its fellow servant, itself mediating to the body the indwelling presence of its Creator, making God Himself—who bound together the body and the soul—the body’s own unbreakable bond of immortality. The aim is that “what ffio92C) God is to the soul, the soul might become to the body,”³⁹ and that the Creator of all might be proven to be One, and through humanity might come to reside in all beings in a manner appropriate to each, so that the many, though separated from each other in nature, might be drawn together into a unity as they converge around the one human nature. When this happens, God will be all things in everything encompassing all things and making them subsist in Himself, for beings will no longer possess independent motion or fail to share in God’s presence, and it is with respect to this sharing that we are, and are called, Gods, children of God, the body, and members of God, and, it follows, “portions of God,” and other such things, in the progressive ascent of the divine plan to its final end.

Ὡσανεί ἔλεγεν, ἐπειδήπερ ἐκ ψυχῆς καί σώματος δι᾿ ἀγαθότητα ὁ ἄνθρωπος γέγονε παρά τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἐφ᾿ ᾧ τήν δοθεῖσαν αὐτῷ λογικήν τε καί νοεράν ψυχήν, ἅτε δή κατ᾿ εἰκόνα τοῦ ποιήσαντος αὐτήν ὑπάρχουσαν, κατά μέν τήν ἔφεσιν καί τήν ἐξ ὅλης δυνάμεως ὁλικήν ἀγάπην ἀπρίξ Θεοῦ γνωστικῶς ἐχομένην, καί τό καθ᾿ ὁμοίωσιν προσλαβοῦσαν θεωθῆναι, κατά δέ τήν ἐπιστημονικήν πρός τό ὑφείμενον πρόνοιαν, καί τήν περί τό ἀγαπᾷν τόν πλησίον ὡς ἑαυτόν κελεύουσαν ἐντολήν, ἐμφρόνως τοῦ σώματος ἀντεχομένην, λογίσαι τε δι᾿ ἀρετῶν αὐτό καί οἰκειῶσαι Θεῷ ὡς ὁμόδουλον δι᾿ ἑαυτῆς μεσιτευούσης τόν ποιητήν ἔνοικον, καί τῆς δοθείσης ἀθανασίας ἄλυτον δεσμόν αὐτόν ποιησομένην αὐτῷ τόν συνδήσαντα, ἵν᾿ ὅπερ ἐστί Θεός ψυχῇ, τοῦτο ψυχή σώματι γένηται, καί εἷς ἀποδειχθῇ τῶν ὅλων Δημιουργός, ἀναλόγως διά τῆς ἀνθρωπόητος πᾶσιν ἐπιβατεύων τοῖς οὖσι, καί εἰς ἕν ἔλθῃ τά πολλά ἀλλήλων κατά τήν φύσιν διεστηκότα περί τήν μίαν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου φύσιν ἀλλήλοις συννεύοντα, καί γένηται τά πάντα ἐν πᾶσιν αὐτός ὁ Θεός, πάντα παραλαβών καί ἐνυποστήσας ἑαυτῷ, διά τοῦ μηδέν ἔτι τῶν ὄντων κεκτῆσθαι τήν κίνησιν, καί τῆς αὐτοῦ ἄμοιρον παρουσίας, καθ᾿ ἥν καί θεοί καί τέκνα καί σῶμα καί μέλη καί μοῖρα Θεοῦ καί τά τοιαῦτά ἐσμεν καί λεγόμεθα τῇ πρός τό τέλος ἀναφορᾷ τοῦ θείου σκοποῦ.

32. Since man was created for and to this end—but because our forefather Adam misused his freedom and {Io92D} turned instead to what was inferior, redirecting his desire from what was permissible to what had been forbidden (for it was in his power of self-determination to be united to the Lord and become one spirit with Him, or to join himself to a prostitute and become one body with her; but being deceived he chose to estrange himself from the divine and blessed goal, preferring by his own choice to be a pile of dust rather than God by grace)— God, who does whatever is necessary for our salvation, in His wisdom and love for mankind, {Io93A} and with the goodness that befits Him, affixed the appropriate  punishment alongside the irrational movement of our intellectual faculty, where it would not fail to do what was required.⁴⁰ And so God punished with death precisely that element within us by means of which we destroyed our power to love with our whole mind, which we owed to Him alone. The aim was that, by experiencing pain we might learn that we have fallen in love with what is not real, and so be taught to redirect our power to what really exists.

Ἐπειδή τοίνυν τοῦτο καί ἐπί τούτῳ ὁ ἄνθρωπος γέγονεν, ἐν δέ τῷ προπάτορι τῷ ἑτοίμῳ πρός ἐξουσίαν ἐπί χεῖρον ἐχρήσατο, μετενεγκών ἐκ τοῦ ἐπιτετραμμένου πρός τό κεκωλυμένον τήν ὄρεξιν (καί γάρ ἦν αὐτεξούσιος, καί τοῦ κολληθῆναι τῷ Κυρίῳ καί ἕν πνεῦμα γεγέσθαι, καί τοῦ κολληθῆναι τῇ πόρνῃ καί ἕν σῶμα γενέσθαι, ἀπατηθείς προείλετο, καί τοῦ θείου καί μακαρίου σκοποῦ ἑκών ἑαυτόν ἀπεξένωσε, τοῦ Θεός εἶναι, χάριτι τό χοῦς γενέσθαι καθ᾿ αἵρεσιν προτιμήσας) , σοφῶς ἅμα καί φιλανθρώπως (1093) καί τῇ αὐτοῦ πρεπόντως ἀγαθότητι ὁ τήν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν οἰκονομῶν Θεός τῇ παραλόγῳ κινήσει τῆς ἐν ἡμῖν νοερᾶς δυνάμεως παρεπομένην δεόντως τήν τιμωρίαν παρέπηξεν, αὐτό ἐκεῖνο τυχόν κατά τόν εἰκότα λόγον κολάσας θανάτῳ, περί ὅ τήν κατά νοῦν μόνῳ Θεῷ χρεωστούμενην τῆς ἀγάπης δύναμιν κατεῤῥήξαμεν, ἵνα τοῦ μηδενός ἐρῶντες διά τοῦ πάσχειν ποτέ μαθόντες πρός τό ὅν πάλιν ταύτην ἐπανάγειν διδαχθῶμεν τήν δύναμιν.

33. Gregory makes this quite clear, when subsequently he says: “It seems to me that there is a further reason why none of the good things of this earthly life are either trustworthy or of any great duration for man—and this, like everything else, has been well devised by the Artisan Word and Wisdom who surpasses every intellect, namely, that we should be toyed with and mocked by visible things, which are always shifting about and throwing things off course, now one way and {Io93B} now another, and no sooner are they carried up than they are swept back down, wrong side up, and before one can lay hold of them, they flee and escape our grasp — so that when we contemplate the instability and transience of earthly things, we may seek refuge in the things that are to come.

Ὅπερ προϊών ἐμφανέστερον ποιεῖται λέγων, " Ἀλλ᾿ ἐμοί μέν καί διά τοῦτο δοκεῖ μηδέν τῶν ἐνταῦθα ἀγαθῶν εἶναι πιστόν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις, μηδέ πολυχρόνιον, ἀλλ᾿ εἴπερ τι ἄλλο, καί τοῦτο καλῶς τῷ τεχνίτῃ λόγῳ καί τῇ πάντα νοῦν ὑπερεχούσῃ σοφίᾳ μεμηχανῆσθαι, παίζεσθαι ἡμᾶς ἐν τοῖς ὁρωμένοις, ἄλλοτε ἄλλως μεταβαλλομένοις καί μεταβάλλουσι, καί ἄνω καί κάτω φερομένοις τε καί περιτρεπομένοις, καί πρίν ληφθῆναι ἀπιοῦσι καί φεύγουσιν, ἵνα τό ἐν τούτοις ἄστατον καί ἀνώμαλον θεωρήσαντες πρός τό μέλλον μεθορμισώμεθα.

For what should we have done if our prosperity were permanent, given that now, though it is not, we are so completely attached to it, so utterly enslaved by its pleasure and deception that we cannot imagine anything better or higher than our present circumstances, despite the fact that we are taught and believe that we have been created according to the image of God, an image which exists in a realm above us, and draws us to itself?”⁴¹

Τί γάρ ἄν ἐποιήσαμεν ἑστῶτος τοῦ εὖ πράττειν ἡμῖν, ὁποτε οὐ μένοντος τοσοῦτον αὐτῷ προσδεδέμεθα, καί οὕτως ἡμᾶς ἡ περί τοῦτο ἡδονή καί ἀπάτη ἔχει δουλώσασα, ὥστε μηδέν κρεῖττον μηδέ ὑψηλότερον τῶν παρόντων διανοεῖσθαι δύνασθαι, καί ταῦτα κατ᾿ εἰκόνα Θεοῦ γεγονέναι, καί ἀκούοντας καί πιστεύοντας τήν ἄνω τε οὖσαν

34. He says very much the same thing in his oration “To the Citizens of Nazianzos”: “So that we may realize that we are  nothing in comparison to the true and principal Wisdom, and incline toward Him alone, and always seek [io93C} to be illumined by the rays of light issuing from Him; and if we cannot do this, then through our experience of the irregularity of visible things, which shift back and forth, He leads us to realities that are stable and enduring.^”42

καί πρός ἑαυτήν ἕλκουσαν; " Καί πάλιν ἐν τῷ πρός τούς πολετευομένους λόγῳ φάσκων, " Ἵν᾿ εἰδῶμεν τό μηδέν ὄντες πρός τήν ἀληθινήν σοφίαν καί πρώτην, ἀλλά πρός αὐτόν ἀεί νεύωμεν μόνον, καί ζητῶμεν ταῖς ἐκεῖθεν αὐταῖς ἐναστράπτεσθαι, εἴτε διά τῆς ἀνωμαλίας τῶν ὁρωμένων καί περιτρεπομένων, μετάγοντος ἡμᾶς ἐπί τά ἑστῶτα καί μένοντα.

35. It seems to me that, in these passages, the teacher is not, as has already been stated, explaining the reason why human beings were created, but the reason for the misery which transgression brought into our life after we were created. This is quite obvious to anyone who studies Gregory’s inspired writings with the proper diligence and attention.⁴³

Οὐ τοίνυν, ὡς οἶμαι, τῆς κατά τήν γένεσιν τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος αἰτίας ἐν τούτοις, ὡς εἴρηται, ὁ διδάσκαλος ποιεῖται τήν δήλωσιν, ἀλλά τῆς κατά τήν γένεσιν ἐπεισαχθείσης τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ζωῇ διά τήν παράβασιν ταλαιπωρίας, ὡς τοῖς σπουδαιοτέρως καί ἐμμελεστέρως τοῖς θείοις αὐτοῦ γράμμασιν ἐμμελετῶσίν ἐστι καταφανές.

In these passages, then, he is describing whence this misery came to be, and for what reason, and by whom, and for whose sake, setting before our eyes the wisdom with which God has arranged for our salvation. When, on the other hand, Gregory wants to describe the reason why human beings were created, he uses different words and expressions, and states quite [ro93D} clearly the sacred purpose of this mystery, as can be seen in his oration “On the Nativity”: “Intellect and sensation, having been distinguished from one another, remained within their own proper limits, and bore the magnificence of the Creator Word in themselves. Yet these piercing heralds could praise God’s work only silently, for the two had not yet been fused together; the contraries had not yet been mingled. Such mingling would be the mark of greater wisdom and of God’s lavishness in the creation of living things, but the abundance of God’s goodness was not yet made known.

Ταύτης μέν γάρ τήν ὅθεν, καί δι᾿ ὅ, καί ἐφ᾿ ᾧ, καί οὗ ἕνεκεν αἰτίαν, διά τούτων ἡμῖν παρατίθεται τῶν λόγων δι᾿ αὐτῆς τήν οἰκονομουμένην ἡμῶν σοφῶς παρά τοῦ Θεοῦ σωτηρίαν δηλῶν· ἐκείνης δέ τήν ἐφ᾿ ᾧ γεγένηται μυστηρίῳ ὑπεμφαίνων δύναμιν ἑτέρῳ λόγων κέχρηται τρόπῳ, ὅλον αὐτοῦ περί τούτου τόν εὐσεβῆ σκοπόν φανερόν ποιούμενος, ὡς ἐν τῷ Εἰς τά γενέθλια λόγῳ δείκνυται λέγων, " Νοῦς μέν οὖν ἤδη καί αἴσθησις οὕτως ἀπ᾿ ἀλλήλων διακριθέντα τῶν ἰδίων ὅρων ἐντός εἰστήκεισαν, καί τό τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ λόγου μεγαλεῖον ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἔφερον, σιγῶντες ἐπαινέται τῆς μεγαλουργίας και διαπρύσιοι κήρυκες· οὔπω δέ ἦν κρᾶμα ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων, οὐδέ τις μίξις τῶν ἐναντίων, σοφίας μείζονος γνώρισμα καί τῆς περί τάς φύσεις πολυτελείας, οὐδέ ὁ πᾶς πλοῦτος τῆς ἀγαθότητος γνώριμος.

Hence the Artisan Word, wishing to display this mixture in a single living creature formed from [io96A] both—I mean from both invisible and visible nature—created man.

Τοῦτο δή βουληθείς ὁ τεχνίτης ἐπιδείξασθαι λόγος, καί ζῶον ἕν ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων, (1096) ἀοράτου λέγω καί ὁρατῆς φύσεως, δημιουργεῖ τόν ἄνθρωπον,

Fashioning a body from already existing matter and placing within it His own breath, that is, a soul endowed with intellect—the image of God, according to Scripture—He made it a kind of second cosmos, a great creature in a small frame, and placed it on the earth, another angel, a worshiper formed of diverse elements,” and so on.

καί παρά μέν τῆς ὕλης λαβών τό σῶμα ἤδη προϋποστάσης, παρ᾿ ἑαυτοῦ δέ ζωήν ἐνθείς (ὅ δή νοεράν ψυχήν καί εἰκόνα Θεοῦ οἶδεν ὁ Λόγος), οἷόν τινα κόσμον δεύτερον ἐν μικρῷ μέγαν ἐπί τῆς γῆς ἵστησιν, ἄγγελον ἄλλον, προσκυνητήν μικτόν," καί τά ἑξῆς.

⁴⁴ In his oration “On Theophany,” he says: “Since this is the way things are with the Three, or rather with the One, the worship of God should not be limited to the praises of heavenly beings, but should include worshipers here below, so that all things may be filled with the glory of God. For everything is of God. This is why man was created by the hand of God and was honored by being made in the image of God.”45

Ἐν δέ τῷ Εἰς τά Φῶτα λόγῳ· " Ἐπεί δέ οὕτω ταῦτα ἤ τοῦτο· ἔδει δέ μή τοῖς ἄνω μόνον τήν προσκύνησιν περιγράφεσθαι, ἀλλ᾿ εἶναί τινας καί κάτω προσκυνητάς, ἵνα πληρωθῇ τά πάντα δόξης Θεοῦ, ἐπεί καί Θεοῦ· καί διά τοῦτο κτίζεται ἄνθρωπος χειρί Θεοῦ τιμηθείς καί εἰκόνι."