Saint Ambrose of Milan, Three Books
ON THE DUTIES of the CLERGY
BOOK 2

SANCTI AMBROSII MEDIOLANENSIS EPISCOPI DE OFFICIIS MINISTRORUM LIBRI TRES. LIBER SECUNDUS.

CHAPTER 8

CAPUT VIII.

Nothing has greater effect in gaining good-will than giving advice; but none can trust it unless it rests on justice and prudence. How conspicuous these two virtues were in Solomon is shown by his well-known judgment.

Nihil ad conciliandam gratiam magis valere quam consilia: sed eis confidere posse neminem, nisi justitia nitantur ac prudentia: quantum autem hae duae virtutes eluxerint in Salomone, ex ipsius celeberrimo judicio palam fieri.

40. TWO things, therefore, love and confidence, are the most efficacious in commending us to others; also this third quality if thou hast it, namely, what many consider to be worthy of admiration in thee, and think to be rightly worthy of honour ⁷⁷ [the power, in fact, of giving good advice].

40. Duo igitur haec ad commendationem nostri plurimum operantur, charitas et fides; et tertium ^[114B] hoc, si habeas quod in te admiratione dignum plerique existiment, et jure honorandum putent.

41. Since offering counsel is a great means of gaining men’s affections, prudence and justice are much needed in every case. These are looked for by most, so that confidence at once is placed in him in whom they exist, because he can give useful and trustworthy advice to whoever wants it. Who will put himself into the hands of a man whom he does not think to be more wise than himself who asks for advice? It is necessary therefore that he of whom advice is asked should be superior to him who asks it. For why should we consult a man when we do not think that he can make anything more plain than we ourselves see it?

41. Et quia consiliorum usus maxime conciliat homines, ideo prudentia et justitia in unoquoque desideratur, et ea exspectantur a pluribus; ut in quo ea sint, illi deferatur fides, quod possit utile consilium ac fidele desideranti dare. Quis enim ei se committat, quem non putet plus sapere, quam ipse sapiat qui quaerit consilium? Necesse est igitur ut praestantior sit a quo consilium petitur, quam ille est qui petit. Quid enim consulas hominem, quem non arbitreris posse melius aliquid reperire, quam ipse intelligis?

42. But if we have found a man that by the vigour of his character, by his strength of mind and influence, stands forth above all others, and further, is better fitted by example and experience than others; that can put an end to immediate dangers, foresee future ones, point out those close at hand, can explain a subject, bring relief in time, is ready not only to give advice but also to give help,—in such a man confidence is placed, so that he who seeks advice can say: “Though evil should happen to me through him, I will bear it.” ⁷⁸

42. Quod si eum inveneris qui vivacitate ingenii, mentis vigore atque auctoritate praestet, et accedat ^[114C] eo ut exemplo et usu paratior sit, praesentia solvat pericula, prospiciat futura, denuntiet imminentia, argumentum expediat, remedium ferat in tempore, paratus sit non solum ad consulendum, sed etiam ad subveniendum; huic ita fides habetur, ut dicat qui consilium petit: Et si mala mihi evenerint per illum, sustineo (Eccli. XXII, 31).

43. To a man of this sort then we entrust our safety and our reputation, for he is, as we said before, just and prudent. Justice causes us to have no fear of deceit, and prudence frees us from having any suspicions of error. However, we trust ourselves more readily to a just than to a prudent man, to put it in the way people generally do. But, according to the definition of the philosophers, where there is one virtue, others exist too, ⁷⁹ whilst prudence cannot exist without justice. We find this stated also in our writers, for David says: “The just shows mercy and lendeth.”  ⁸⁰ What the just lends, he says elsewhere: “A good man is he that shows mercy and lends, he will guide his words with discretion.”  ⁸¹

43. Hujusmodi igitur viro salutem nostram et existimationem committimus, qui sit, ut supra diximus, justus et prudens. Facit enim justitia, ut nullus sit fraudis metus: facit etiam prudentia, ut nulla sit erroris suspicio. Promptius tamen nos justo viro quam prudenti committimus, ut secundum usum vulgi loquar. Caeterum sapientum definitione, in quo una virtus est, concurrunt caeterae, nec potest ^[114D] sine justitia esse prudentia. Quod etiam in nostris invenimus; dicit enim David: Justus miseretur et fenerat (Psal. XXXVI, 21). Quid feneret justus, alibi dicit: Jucundus vir qui miseretur et fenerat, disponet sermones suos in judicio (Psal. CXI, 5).

44. Is not that noble judgment of Solomon full of wisdom and justice? Let us see whether it is so. ⁸² “Two women,” it says, “stood before King Solomon, and the one said to him, Hear me, my lord, I and this woman dwell in one house, and before the third day we gave birth and bore a son apiece, and were together, there was no witness in the house, nor any other woman with us, only we two alone. And her son died this night, because she overlaid it, and she arose at midnight, and took my son from my breast, and laid it in her bosom, and her dead child she laid at my breast, And I arose in the morning to give my child suck, and found him dead. And I considered it at dawn, and behold it was not my son. And the other woman said, Nay, but the living is my son, and the dead is thy son.”

^[115A] 44. Ipsum illud nobile Salomonis judicium nonne sapientiae plenum ac justitiae est? Itaque spectemus illud si ita est. Duae, inquit mulieres in conspectu regis Salomonis steterunt, et dixit una ad eum: Audi me, domine. Ego et ⁸¹ haec mulier in uno habitantes cubiculo, ante diem tertium partu edito, singulos filios suscepimus, et erramus una, arbiter nullus domi, nec ulla alia nobiscum femina, nisi nos solae: et mortuus est filius ejus hac nocte, ut obdormivit super eum: et surrexit media nocte, et accepit filium meum de sinu meo, et collocavit eum in gremio suo, et filium suum mortuum posuit in sinu meo. Et surrexi mane, ut lactarem parvulum, et inveni mortuum. Et consideravi illum diluculo, et non erat filius meus. Et respondit altera: Non, ^[115B] sed filius meus est, qui vivit: filius autem tuus, qui mortuus est (III Reg. III, 16 et seq.).

45. This was their dispute, in which either tried to claim the living child for herself, and denied that the dead one was hers. Then the king commanded a sword to be brought and the infant to be cut in half, and either piece to be given to one, one half to the one, and one half to the other. Then the woman whose the child really was, moved by her feelings, cried out: “Divide not the child, my lord; let it rather be given to her and live, and do not kill it.” But the other answered: “Let it be neither mine nor hers, divide it.” Then the king ordered that the infant should be given to the woman who had said: Do not kill it, but give it to that woman; “For,” as it says, “her bowels yearned upon her son.” ⁸³

45. Et haec erat contentio, cum utraque filium sibi vindicarent superstitem: defunctum autem suum negarent. Tunc rex jussit afferri machaeram, et infantem dividi, ac singulas partes dari singulis: dimidiam uni, et dimidiam alteri. Exclamabat mulier quae vero erat affectu percita: Nequaquam, domine, infantem dividas: detur potius illi, et vivat, et non interficias eum. At illa respondit altera: Neque meus, neque hujus sit infans, dividite eum. Et statuit rex dari infantem ei mulieri quae dixerat: Nolite interficere eum, sed date eum illi mulieri; quia mota sunt, inquit, viscera ejus in filio suo.

46. It is not wrong to suppose that the mind of God was in him; for what is hidden from God? What can be more hidden than the witness that lies deep within; into which the mind of the wise king entered as though to judge a mother’s feelings, and elicited as it were the voice of a mother’s heart. For a mother’s feelings were laid bare, when she chose that her son should live with another, rather than that he should be killed in his mother’s sight.

46. Itaque non immerito aestimatus est intellectus ^[115C] Dei in eo esse; quoniam quae occulta sunt Deo? Quid autem occultius internorum viscerum testimonio, in quae sapientis intellectus velut quidam pietatis descendit arbiter, et velut quamdam genitalis alvi vocem eruit; quia maternus patuit affectus, qui eligeret filium suum vel apud alienam vivere, quam in conspectu matris necari.

47. It was therefore a sign of wisdom to distinguish between secret heart-thoughts, to draw the truth from hidden springs, and to pierce as it were with the sword of the Spirit not only the inward parts of the body, but even of the mind and soul. It was the part of justice also that she who had killed her own child should not take away another’s, but that the real mother should have her own back again. Indeed the Scriptures have declared this. “All Israel,” it says, “heard of the judgment which the king had judged, and they feared the king, for they saw that the wisdom of God was in him to do judgment.” ⁸⁴ Solomon also himself had asked for wisdom, so that a prudent heart might be given him to hear and to judge with justice. ⁸⁵

47. Sapientiae igitur fuit latentes distinguere conscientias, ex occultis eruere veritatem; et velut quadam machaera, ita spiritus gladio penetrare non solum uteri, sed etiam animae et mentis viscera: justitiae quoque, ut quae suum necaverat, alienum non tolleret; sed vera mater reciperet suum. Denique etiam Scriptura hoc pronuntiavit: Audivit, inquit, omnis Israel hoc judicium, quod judicavit rex: et timuerunt ^[115D] a facie regis, eo quod intellectus Dei in eo esset, ut faceret justitiam (III Reg. III, 28). Denique et ipse Salomon ita poposcit sapientiam, ut daretur sibi ^[116A] cor prudens audire et judicare cum justitia (Ibid., 9).

CHAPTER 9

CAPUT IX.

Though justice and prudence are inseparable, we must have respect to the ideas of people in general, for they make a distinction between the different cardinal virtues.

Quamvis individuae sint justitia atque prudentia, vulgi tamen cardinales virtutes distinguentis ingenio serviendum esse.

48. It is clear also, according to the sacred Scriptures, which are the older, that wisdom cannot exist without justice, for where one of these two is, there the other must be also. With what wisdom did Daniel expose the lie in the false accusation brought against him by his thorough examination, so that those false informers had no answer ready to hand! ⁸⁶ It was a mark of prudence to convict the criminals by the witness of their own words, and a sign of justice to give over the guilty to punishment, and to save the innocent from it.

48. Liquet igitur etiam secundum scripturam divinam, quae antiquior est, sapientiam sine justitia esse non posse; quia ubi una earum virtutum, ibi utraque est. Daniel quoque ⁸² quam sapienter alta interrogatione fraudulentae accusationis deprehendit mendacium, ut calumniatorum sibi responsio non conveniret! Prudentiae igitur fuit vocis suae testimonio reos prodere: justitiae quoque, nocentes supplicio dare, innocentem subducere (Dan. XIII, 54 et seq.).

49. There is therefore an inseparable union between wisdom and justice; but, generally speaking, ⁸⁷ the one special form of virtue is divided up. Thus temperance lies in despising pleasures, fortitude may be seen in undergoing labours and dangers, prudence in the choice of what is good, by knowing how to distinguish between things useful and the reverse; justice, in being a good guardian of another’s rights and protector of its own, thus maintaining for each his own. We can make this fourfold division in deference to commonly received ideas; and so, whilst deviating from those subtle discussions of philosophic learning which are brought forth as though from some inner recess for the sake of investigating the truth, can follow the commonly received use and their ordinary meaning. Keeping, then, to this division, let us return to our subject.

^[116B] 49. Est ergo individuum sapientiae atque justitiae conturbernium: sed vulgi usu dividitur una quaedam forma virtutum, ut temperantia sit in despiciendis voluptatibus: fortitudo spectetur in laboribus et periculis: prudentia in delectu bonorum, sciens commoda et adversa distinguere: justitia quae sit bona custos juris alieni, et vindex proprietatis, suum cuique conservans. Sit ergo nobis communis opinionis gratia quadripartita haec facta divisio, ut ab illa subtili disputatione philosophicae sapientiae, quae limandae veritatis causa quasi ex adyto quodam eruitur, retrahentes pedem, forensem usum ac popularem sensum sequamur. Hac igitur divisione servata, revertamur ad propositum.

CHAPTER 10

CAPUT X.

Men entrust their safety rather to a just than to a prudent man. But every one is wont to seek out the man who combines in himself the qualities of justice and prudence. Solomon gives us an example of this. (The words which the queen of Sheba spoke of him are explained.) Also Daniel and Joseph.

[116C] Salutem justi viri quam prudentis consilio magis committi: eum autem qui justitiam ac prudentiam in se conjunxerit, ab omnibus expeti solere: hujus rei exemplum fuisse tum Salomonem, de quo verba reginae Sabae exponuntur; tum Josephum, et Danielem.

50. We entrust our case to the most prudent man we can find, and ask advice from him more readily than we do from others. However, the faithful counsel of a just ⁸⁸ man stands first and often has more weight than the great abilities of the wisest of men: “For better are the wounds of a friend than the kisses of others.” ⁸⁹ And just because it is the judgment of a just man, it is also the conclusion of a wise one: in the one lies the result of the matter in dispute, in the other readiness of invention.

50. Prudentissimo cuique causam nostram committimus, et ab eo consilium promptius quam a caeteris poscimus. Praestat tamen fidele justi consilium viri, et sapientissimi ingenio frequenter praeponderat. Utilia enim vulnera amici, quam aliorum ascula (Prov. XXVII, 6). Deinde quia justi judicium est, sapientis autem argumentum: in illo censura disceptationis, in hoc calliditas inventionis.

51. And if one connects the two, there will be great soundness in the advice given, which is regarded by all with admiration for the wisdom shown, and with love for its justice. And so all will desire to hear the wisdom of that man in whom those two virtues are found together, as all the kings of the earth desired to see the face of Solomon and to hear his wisdom. Nay, even the queen of Sheba came to him and tried him with questions. She came and spoke of all the things that were in her heart, and heard all the wisdom of Solomon, nor did any word escape her. ⁹⁰

51. Quod si utrumque connectas, erit magna consiliorum ^[116D] salubritas, quae ab universis spectatur admiratione sapientiae et amore justitiae; ut omnes quaerant audire sapientiam ejus viri, in quo utriusque ^[117A] virtutis copula sit: sicut quaerebant omnes reges terrae videre faciem Salomonis, et audire sapientiam ejus; ita ut et Saba regina veniret ad eum, et tentaret eum in quaestionibus: Et venit, et omnia locuta est quae habebat in corde suo, et audivit omnem sapientiam Solomonis, nec ullum verbum praeterivit eam (III Reg. X, 2 et 3).

52. Who she was whom nothing escaped, and that there was nothing which the truth-loving Solomon did not tell her, learn, O man, from this which thou hearest her saying: “It was a true report that I heard in mine own land of thy words and of thy prudence, yet I did not believe those that told it me until I came, and mine eyes had seen it; and behold the half was not told me. Thou hast added good things over and above all that I heard in mine own land. Blessed are thy women and blessed thy servants, which stand before thee, and that hear all thy prudence.” ⁹¹ Recognize the feast of the true Solomon, and who are set down at that feast; recognize it wisely and think in what land all the nations shall hear the fame of true wisdom and justice, and with what eyes they shall see Him, beholding those things which are not seen. “For the things that are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal.” ⁹²

52. Quae sit ista, quam nihil praetereat, nec sit aliquid quod ei non annuntiaverit verus Salomon, cognosce, o homo, ex his quae audis loquentem: Verus est, inquit, sermo quem audivi in terra mea de sermonibus tuis, et de prudentia tua, et non credidi his qui dicebant mihi, donec veni, et viderunt oculi mei: et nunc non est nec dimidia quidem pars secundum ea quae annuntiabant mihi. Apposuisti bona super omnia ^[117B] quae audivi ⁸³ in terra mea. Beatae mulieres tuae, et beati pueri tui qui assistunt tibi, qui audiunt omnem prudentiam tuam (Ibid., 6 et seq.). Intellige convivium veri Salomonis, et quae apponuntur in eo convivio, intellige sapienter, et considera in qua terra congregatio nationum audierit famam sapientiae verae atque justitiae, et quibus eum viderit oculis, contemplantibus utique ea quae non videntur. Quoniam quae videntur, temporalia sunt: quae autem non videntur, aeterna (II Cor. IV, 14).

53. What women are blessed but those of whom it is said “that many hear the word of God and bring forth fruit”? ⁹³ And again: “Whosoever doeth the word of God is My father and sister and mother.” ⁹⁴ And who are those blessed servants, who stand before Him, but Paul, who said: “Even to this day I stand witnessing both to great and small;” ⁹⁵ or Simeon, who was waiting in the temple to see the consolation of Israel? ⁹⁶ How could he have asked to be let depart, except that in standing before the Lord he had not the power of departing, but only according to the will of God? Solomon is put before us simply for the sake of example, of whom it was eagerly expected that his wisdom should be heard.

53. Quae sunt beatae mulieres, nisi illae de quibus dicitur, quia multae verbum Dei audiunt et pariunt (Luc. XI, 28)? Et alibi: Quicumque enim verbum Dei fecerit, ipse meus frater et soror et mater est (Matth. XII, 50). Qui etiam pueri tui beati qui assistunt, nisi ^[117C] Paulus qui dicebat: Usque in hunc diem sto protestans minori ac majori (Act. XXVI, 22), Simeon qui exspectabat in templo ut videret consolationem Israel (Luc. II, 25)? Quomodo enim dimitti posceret, nisi quia assistens Domino, discedendi habere facultatem non poterat, nisi voluntatem Domini adeptus esset? Exempli causa propositus est nobis Salomon, a quo certatim ut audiretur ejus sapientia, postulabatur.

54. Joseph also when in prison was not free from being consulted about matters of uncertainty. His counsel ⁹⁷ was of advantage to the whole of Egypt, so that it felt not the seven years’ famine, and he was able even to relieve other peoples from their dreadful hunger.

54. Joseph quoque nec in carcere feriatus erat, quo minus de rebus incertis consuleretur. Cujus consilium Aegypto universae profuit; ut non sentiret septem annorum sterilitatem, aliosque populos miserae famis levaret jejunio (Gen. XLI, 10 et seq.).

55. Daniel, though one of the captives, was made the head of the royal counsellors. By his counsels he improved the present and foretold the future. ⁹⁸ Confidence was put in him in all things, because he had frequently interpreted things, and had shown that he had declared the truth.

55. Daniel ex captivis, regalium consultorum arbiter ^[117D] factus, consiliis suis emendavit praesentia, annuntiavit futura. Ex his enim quae frequenter interpretatus ostenderat veri se esse annuntium, fides ei in omnibus deferebatur (Dan. II, 10 et seq.).

CHAPTER 11

CAPUT XI.

A third element which tends to gain any one’s confidence is shown to have been conspicuous in Moses, Daniel, and Joseph.

[118A] Tertia conditio quae ad fidem alicui conciliandam valet, in Moyse, Daniele ac Josepho fulsisse ostenditur.

56. But a third point seems also to have been noted in the case of those who were thought worthy of admiration ⁹⁹ after the example of Joseph, Solomon, and Daniel. For what shall I say of Moses whose advice all Israel always waited for, ¹⁰⁰ whose life caused them to trust in his prudence and increased their esteem for him? Who would not trust to the counsel of Moses, to whom the elders reserved for decision whatever they thought beyond their understanding and powers?

56. Sed etiam tertius locus de his qui admiratione digni aestimarentur, Joseph, Salomonis et Danielis exemplo decursus videtur. Nam quid de Moyse loquar, cujus omnis Israel quotidie consilia praestolabatur, quorum vita fidem faciebat prudentiae, admirationemque ejus augebat? Quis se non committeret consilio Moysi, cui seniores, si qua supra suum intellectum et virtutem esse arbitrarentur, dijudicanda servabant?

57. Who would refuse the counsel of Daniel, of whom God Himself said: “Who is wiser than Daniel?” ¹⁰¹ How can men doubt about the minds of those to whom God has given such grace? By the counsel of Moses wars were brought to an end, and for his merit’s sake food came from heaven and drink from the rock.

57. Quis Danielis consilium refugeret, de quo Deus ipse dixit: Quis Daniele sapientior (Ezech. ^[118B] XXVIII, 3)? Aut quomodo homines de eorum dubitare mentibus possent, quibus Deus tantam conferebat gratiam? Moysi consilio bella conficiebantur: Moysi meritis de coelo affluebat alimonia, potus e petra.

58. How pure must have been the soul of Daniel to soften the character of barbarians and to tame the lions! ¹⁰² What temperance was his, what self-restraint in soul and body! Not unworthily did he become an object of admiration to all, when—and all men do admire this,—though enjoying royal friendships, he sought not for gold, nor counted the honour given him as more precious than his faith. For he was willing to endure danger for the law of God rather than to be turned from his purpose in order to gain the favour of men.

58. Quam purus Danielis animus, ut mulceret barbaros mores, mitigaret leones (Dan. XIV, 39)! Quae in illo temperantia! Quanta animi et corporis ⁸⁴ continentia! Nec immerito mirabilis factus omnibus, quando (quod vehementer admirantur homines) regalibus fultus amicitiis, aurum non quaerebat, nec delatum sibi honorem pluris faciebat quam fidem. Quin etiam periclitari malebat pro lege Domini, quam pro gratia hominis inflecti.

59. And what, again, shall I say of the chastity and justice of Joseph, whom I had almost passed by, whereby on the one hand he rejected the allurements of his mistress and refused rewards, on the other he mocked at death, repressed his fear, and chose a prison? Who would not consider him a fit person to give advice in a private case, whose fruitful spirit and fertile mind enriched the barrenness of the time with the wealth of his counsels and heart? ¹⁰³

59. Nam de sancti Joseph (quem pene praeterieram) castimonia et justitia quid dicam; quarum altera ^[118C] illecebras beriles respuit, refutavit praemia: altera mortem contempsit, metum repulit, carcerem praeoptavit (Gen. XXXIX, 8 et seq.)? Quis hunc privatae causae ad consulendum idoneum non judicaret, cujus ferax animus et mens fertilis, temporis sterilitatem quodam consiliorum et cordis ubere fecundavit (Gen. XLI, 25 et seq.).

CHAPTER 12

CAPUT XII.

No one asks counsel from a man tainted with vice, or from one who is morose or impracticable, but rather from one of whom we have a pattern in the Scriptures.

Neminem ab homine vitiis contaminato consilium poscere; nec rursus a moroso et difficili: sed ab eo cujusmodi exemplar habemus in Scripturis.

60. We note therefore that in seeking for counsel, uprightness of life, excellence in virtues, habits of benevolence, and the charm of good-nature have very great weight. Who seeks for a spring in the mud? Who wants to drink from muddy water? So where there is luxurious living, excess, and a union of vices, who will think that he ought to draw from that source? Who does not despise a foul life? Who will think a man to be useful to another’s cause whom he sees to be useless in his own life? Who, again, does not avoid a wicked, ill-disposed, abusive person, who is always ready to do harm? Who would not be only too eager to avoid him? ¹⁰⁴

60. Advertimus igitur quod in acquirendis consiliis plurimum adjungat vitae probitas, virtutum praerogativa, benevolentiae usus, facilitatis gratia. Quis enim in coeno fontem requirat? Quis e turbida aqua ^[118D] potum petat? Itaque ubi luxuria est, ubi intemperantia, ubi vitiorum confusio; quis inde sibi aliquid hauriendum existimet? Quis non despiciat morum colluvionem? Quis utilem causae alienae judicet, quem videt inutilem vitae suae? Quis iterum improbum, malevolum, contumeliosum non fugiat, et ^[119A] ad nocendum paratum; quis non eum omni studio declinet?

61. And who will come to a man however well fitted to give the best of advice who is nevertheless hard to approach? It goes with him as with a fountain whose waters are shut off. What is the advantage of having wisdom, if one refuses to give advice? If one cuts off the opportunities of giving advice, the source is closed, so as no longer to flow for others or to be of any good to oneself.

61. Quis vero quamvis instructum ad consilii opem, difficili tamen accessu, ambiat; in quo sit illud, tanquam si quis aquae fontem praecludat? Quid enim prodest habere sapientiam, si consilium neges? Si consulendi intercludas copiam, clausisti fontem; ut nec aliis influat, nec tibi prosit.

62. Well can we refer this to him who, possessing prudence, has defiled it with the foulness of a vicious life and so pollutes the water at the source. His life is a proof of a degenerate spirit. ¹⁰⁵ How can one judge him to be good in counsel whom one sees to be evil in character? He ought to be superior to me, if I am ready to trust myself to him. Am I to suppose that he is fit to give me advice who never takes it for himself, or am I to believe that he has time to give to me when he has none for himself, when his mind is filled with pleasures, and he is overcome by lust, is the slave of avarice, is excited by greed, and is terrified with fright? How is there room for counsel here where there is none for quiet?

62. Pulchre autem et de illo convenit, qui habens prudentiam, commaculat eam vitiorum sordibus, eo quod aquae exitum contaminet. Degeneres animos vita arguit. Quomodo enim eum potes judicare consilio superiorem, quem videas inferiorem moribus? Supra me debet esse, cui me committere paro. An vero idoneum eum putabo, qui mihi det consilium, ^[119B] quod non det sibi: et mihi eum vacare credam, qui sibi non vacet: cujus animum voluptates occupent, libido devincat, avaritia subjuget, cupiditas perturbet, quatiat metus? Quomodo hic consilii locus, ubi nullus quieti?

63. That man of counsel whom I must admire and look up to, whom the gracious Lord gave to our fathers, put aside all that was offensive. His follower he ought to be, who can give counsel and protect another’s prudence from vice; for nothing foul can mingle with that.

63. Admirandus mihi et suspiciendus consiliarius (Esai. III, 3), quem propitius Dominus Patribus dedit, offensus abstulit. Hujus imitator debet esse qui potest consilium dare, et alienam a vitiis custodire prudentiam, quoniam nihil inquinatum in illam incurrit.

CHAPTER 13

CAPUT XIII.

The beauty_of wisdom is made plain by the divine testimony. From this he goes on to prove its connection with the other virtues.

Declarata divinis testimoniis sapientiae pulchritudine, ad probandam ejus cum virtutibus aliis societatem transit oratio.

64. Is there any one who would like to be beautiful in face and at the same time to have its charm spoilt by a beast-like body and fearful talons? Now the form of virtues is so wonderful and glorious, and especially the beauty of wisdom, as the whole of the Scriptures tell us. For it is more brilliant than the sun, and when compared with the stars far outshines any constellation. Night takes their light away in its train, but wickedness cannot overcome wisdom. ¹⁰⁶

^[119C] 64. Quis igitur tanquam vultu speciem praeferat pulchritudinis, et belluinis posterioribus ac ferinis unguibus formae superioris dehonestet gratiam; cum tam admirabilis et praeclara forma virtutum sit, et specialiter pulchritudo sapientiae, sicut series Scripturae indicat? Est enim haec speciosior sole, et super omnem stellarum dispositionem luci comparata invenitur prior. Lucem etenim hanc suscipit nox, sapientiam autem non vincit malitia (Sap. VII, 29).

65. We have spoken of its beauty, and proved it by the witness of Scripture. It remains to show on the authority of Scripture ¹⁰⁷ that there can be no fellowship between it and vice, but that it has an inseparable union with the rest of the virtues. “It has a spirit sagacious, undefiled, sure, holy, loving what is good, quick, that never forbids a kindness, kind, steadfast, free from care, having all power, overseeing all things.” And again: ¹⁰⁸ “She teacheth temperance and justice and virtue.”

65. Diximus de ejus pulchritudine, et Scripturae testimonio comprobavimus: superest ut doceamus Scripturae auctoritate nullum ei contubernium cum vitiis esse, sed inviduam cum caeteris virtutibus conjunctionem: cujus spiritus est disertus, sine inquinamento, certus, sanctus, amans bonum, acutus, ^[120A] qui nihil vetet benefacere, benignus, stabilis, securus, omnem habens virtutem, omnia prospiciens (Sap. VII, 22 et seq.). Et infra: Sobrietatem docet, et justitiam et virtutem (Sap. VIII, 7).

CHAPTER 14

CAPUT XIV.

Prudence is combined with all the virtues, especially with contempt of riches.

Prudentiam cum omnibus virtutibus conjunctam esse, maxime vero cum opum despicientia.

66. PRUDENCE, herefore, works through all things, she has fellowship with all that is good. For how ¹⁰⁹ can she give good advice unless she have justice too, so that she may clothe herself in consistency, not fear death, be held back by no alarm, no fear, nor think it right to be turned aside from the truth by any flattery, nor shun exile, knowing that the world is the fatherland of the wise man. She fears not want, for she knows that nothing is wanting to the wise man, since the whole world of riches is his. What is greater than the man that knows not how to be excited at the thought of money, and has a contempt for riches, and looks down as from some lofty vantage-ground on the desires of men? Men think that one who acts thus is more than man: “Who is this,” it says, “and we will praise him. For wonderful things hath he done in his life.” ¹¹⁰ Surely he ought to be admired who despises riches, seeing that most place them even before their own safety.

66. Omnia igitur operatur prudentia, cum omnibus bonis habet consortium. Nam quomodo potest utile consilium dare, nisi habeat justitiam, ut induat constantiam, mortem non formidet, nullo terrore, nullo revocetur metu, nulla adulatione a vero deflectendum putet: exsilium non refugiat, quae noverit sapienti patriam mundum esse: egestatem non timeat, quae nihil deesse sapienti sciat, ^[120B] cui totus mundus divitiarum est? Quid enim praecelsius illo viro, qui auro moveri nesciat, contemptum habeat pecuniarum, et velut ex arce quadam despiciat hominum cupiditates? Quod qui fecerit, hunc homines supra hominem esse arbitrantur: Quis est, inquit, hic, et laudabimus eum? Fecit enim mirabilia in vita sua (Eccli. XXXI, 9). Quomodo enim non admirandus, qui divitias spernit, ⁸⁶ quas plerique saluti propriae praetulerunt?

67. The rule of economy and the authority of self-restraint befits all, and most of all him who stands highest in honour; so that no love for his treasures may seize upon such a man, and that he who rules over free men may never become a slave to money. It is more seemly that in soul he should be superior to treasures, and in willing service be subject to his friends. For humility in- creases the regard in which one is held. It is praiseworthy and right for the chief of men to have no desire for filthy lucre incommon with Syrian traders and Gilead merchants, nor to place all their hope of good in money, or to count up their daily gains and to calculate their savings like a hireling.

67. Decet igitur omnes censura frugalitatis, continentiae auctoritas, et maxime eum qui honore praestet, ne praeeminentem virum thesauri possideant sui, et pecuniis serviat, qui praeest liberis. Illud magis decet, ut supra thesaurum sit animo, et infra amicum obsequio. Humilitas enim gratiam auget. ^[120C] Haec plena laudis et digna primario viro, non communem cum Tyriis negotiatoribus et Galaaditis mercatoribus habere turpis lucri cupidinem, nec omne bonum locare in pecunia, et tamquam mercenario munere quotidianos numerare quaestus, calculari compendia.

CHAPTER 15

CAPUT XV.

Of liberality. To whom it must chiefly be shown, and how men of slender means may show it by giving their service and counsel.

De liberalitate. Quibusnam potissimum impartienda: et qua ratione illam tenuioris census homines opera et consiliis exerceant.

68. But if it is praiseworthy to have one’s soul free from this failing, how much more glorious is it to gain the love of the people by LIBERALITY which is neither too freely shown to those who are unsuitable, nor too sparingly bestowed upon the needy.

68. Quod si ab his sobrium gerere animum laudabile est, quanto illud praestantius si dilectionem multitudinis liberalitate acquiras, neque superflua circa importunos, neque restricta circa indigentes!

69. There are many kinds of liberality. ¹¹¹ Not only can we distribute and give away food to those who need it from our own daily supply, so that they may sustain life; but we can also give advice and help to those who are ashamed to show their want openly, so long as the common supplies of the needy are not exhausted. I am now speaking of one set over some office. If he is a priest or almoner, let him inform the bishop of them, and not withhold the name of any he knows to be in any need, or to have lost their wealth and to be now reduced to want; especially if they have not fallen into this trouble owing to wastefulness in youth, but because of another’s theft, or through loss of their inheritance from no fault of their own, so that they cannot now earn their daily bread.

69. Plurima autem genera liberalitatis sunt, non solum quotidiano sumptu egentibus, quo vitam ^[121A] sustinere suam possint, disponere ac dispensare alimoniam; verum etiam his qui publice egere verecundantur, consulere ac subvenire, quatenus communis egenorum alimonia non exhauriatur. De eo enim loquor qui praeest alicui muneri, ut si officium sacerdotis gerat, aut dispensatoris; ut de his suggerat episcopo, nec reprimat si quem positum in necessitate aliqua cognoverit, aut dejectum opibus ad inopiae necessitatem redactum: maxime si non effusione adolescentiae, sed direptione alicujus et amissione patrimonii in eam reciderit injuriam, ut sumptum exercere diurnum non queat.

70. The highest kind of liberality is, to redeem captives, to save them from the hands of their enemies, to snatch men from death, and, most of all, women from shame, to restore children to their parents, parents to their children, and, to give back a citizen to his country. This was recognized when Thrace and Illyria were so terribly devastated. ¹¹² How many captives were then for sale all over the world! Could one but call them together, their number would have surpassed that of a whole province. Yet there were some who would have sent back into slavery those whom the Church had redeemed. They themselves were harder than slavery itself to look askance at another’s mercy. If they themselves (they said) had come to slavery, they would be slaves freely. If they had been sold, they would not refuse the service of slavery. They wished to undo the freedom of others, though they could not undo their own slavery, unless perchance it should please the buyer to receive his price again, whereby, however, slavery would not be simply undone but redeemed.

70. Summa etiam liberalitas, captos redimere, eripere ex hostium manibus, subtrahere neci homines, et maxime feminas turpitudini, reddere parentibus ^[121B] liberos, parentes liberis, cives patriae restituere. Nota sunt haec nimis Illyrici vastitate et Thraciae: quanti ubique venales ⁸⁷ erant toto captivi orbe, quos si revoces, unius provinciae numerum explere non possint! Fuerunt tamen qui et quos Ecclesiae redemerunt, in servitutem revocare vellent, ipsa graviores captivitate, qui inviderent alienam misericordiam. Ipsi si in captivitatem venissent, servirent liberi: si venditi fuissent, servitutis ministerium non recusarent; et volunt alienam libertatem rescindere, qui suam servitutem non possent rescindere, nisi forte pretium recipere emptori placeret: in quo tamen non rescinditur servitus, sed redimitur.

71. It is then a special quality of liberality to redeem captives, ¹¹³ especially from barbarian enemies who are moved by no spark of human feeling to show mercy, except so far as avarice has preserved it with a view to redemption. It is also a great thing to take upon oneself another’s debt, if the debtor cannot pay and is hard pressed to do so, and where the money is due by right and is only left unpaid through want. So, too, it is a sign of great liberality to bring up children, and to take care of orphans.

71. Praecipua est igitur liberalitas, redimere ^[121C] captivos, et maxime ab hoste barbaro, qui nihil deferat humanitatis ad misericordiam, nisi quod ^[122A] avaritia reservaverit ad redemptionem: aes alienum subire, si debitor solvendo non sit, atque arctetur ad solutionem, quae sit jure debita, et inopia destituta: enutrire parvulos, pupillos tueri.

72. There are others who place in marriage maidens that have lost their parents, so as to preserve their chastity, and who help them not only with good wishes but also by a sum of money. There is also another kind of liberality which the Apostle teaches: “If any that believeth hath widows let him relieve them, that the Church be not burdened by supplying them, that it may have enough for those that are widows indeed.” ¹¹⁴

72. Sunt etiam qui virgines orbatas parentibus tuendae pudicitiae gratia connubio locent, nec solum studio, sed etiam sumptu adjuvent. Est etiam genus illud liberalitatis quod Apostolus docet: Ut si quis fidelis habet viduas, subministret illis, ut earum alimoniis Ecclesia non gravetur, ut his quae vere viduae sunt, sufficiat (I Tim. V, 16).

73. Useful, then, is liberality of this sort; but it is not common to all. For there are many good men who have but slender means, and are content with little for their own use, and are not able to give help to lighten the poverty of others. However, another sort of kindness is ready to their hand, whereby they can help those poorer still. For there is a twofold liberality: ¹¹⁵ one that gives actual assistance, that is, in money; the other, which is busy in offering active help, is often much grander and nobler.

73. Utilis igitur hujusmodi liberalitas, sed non communis omnibus. Sunt enim plerique etiam viri boni, qui tenues sunt censu, contenti quidem exiguo ad sui usum, sed non idonei ad subsidium levandae ^[122B] paupertatis alienae; tamen suppetit aliud beneficentiae genus, quo juvare possint inferiorem. Est enim duplex liberalitas: una quae subsidio rei adjuvat, id est, usu pecuniae; altera quae operum collatione impenditur, multo frequenter splendidior, multoque clarior.

74. How much grander it was for Abraham to have recovered his captured son-in-law by his victorious arms, ¹¹⁶ than if he had ransomed him! How much more usefully did holy Joseph help King Pharaoh by his counsel to provide for the future. than if he had offered him money! For money would not have bought back the fruitfulness of any one state; whilst he by his foresight kept the famine for five years ¹¹⁷ from the whole of Egypt.

74. Quanto illustrius Abraham captum armis victricibus recepit nepotem (Gen. XIV, 16), quam si redemisset! Quanto utilius regem Pharaonem sanctus Joseph consilio providentiae juvit, quam si contulisset pecuniam! Pecunia enim unius civitatis non redemit ubertatem: prospicientia totius Aegypti per quinquennium famem repulit (Gen. XLI, 33 et seq.).

75. Money is easily spent; counsels can never be exhausted. They only grow the stronger by constant use. Money grows less and quickly comes to an end, and has failed even kindness itself; so that the more there are to whom one wants to give, the fewer one can help; and often one has not got what one thinks ought to be given to others. But as regards the offer of advice and active help, the more there are to spend it on, the more there seems to be, and the more it returns to its own source. The rich stream of prudence ever flows back upon itself, and the more it has reached out to, so much the more active becomes all that remains.

75. Facile autem pecunia consumitur, consilia ^[122C] exhauriri nesciunt. Haec usu augentur: pecunia minuitur, et cito deficit, atque ipsam destituit benignitatem; ^[123A] tatem; ut quo pluribus largiri volueris, eo pauciores adjuves, et saepe tibi desit quod aliis conferendum putaveris. Consilii ⁸⁸ autem operisque collatio, quo in plures diffunditur, eo redundantior manet, et in suum fontem recurrit. In se enim refluit ubertas prudentiae: et quo pluribus fluxerit, eo exercitius fit omne quod remanet.

CHAPTER 16

CAPUT XVI.

Due measure must be observed in liberality, that it may not be expended on worthless persons, when it is needed by worthier ones. However, alms are not to be given in too sparing and hesitating a way. One ought rather to follow the example of the blessed Joseph, whose prudence is commended at great length.

Modum in liberalitate servandum, ne profundatur in indignos quod dignioribus debebatur; non tamen nimis parce ac timide ministrandas eleemosynas: sed imitandum beatum Joseph, cujus prudentia prolixioribus verbis commendatur.

76. It is clear, then, ¹¹⁸ that there ought to be due measure in our liberality, that our gifts may not become useless. Moderation must be observed, especially by priests, for fear that they should give away for the sake of ostentation, and not for justice’ sake. Never was the greed of beggars greater than it is now. They come in full vigour, they come with no reason but that they are on the tramp. They want to empty the purses of the poor—to deprive them of their means of support. Not content with a little, they ask for more. In the clothes that cover them they seek a ground to urge their demands, and with lies about their lives they ask for further sums of money. If any one were to trust their tale too readily, he would quickly drain the fund which is meant to serve for the sustenance of the poor. Let there be method in our giving, so that the poor may not go away empty nor the subsistence of the needy be done away and become the spoil of the dishonest. Let there be then such due measure that kindness may never be put aside, and true need never be left neglected.

76. Liquet igitur debere esse liberalitatis modum, ne fiat inutilis largitas. Sobrietas tenenda est, ^[123B] maxime sacerdotibus, ut non pro jactantia, sed pro justitia dispensent. Nusquam enim major aviditas petitionis. Veniunt validi, veniunt nullam causam nisi vagandi habentes, et volunt subsidia evacuare pauperum, exinanire sumptum: nec exiguo contenti, majora quaerunt, ambitu vestium captantes petitionis suffragium, et natalium simulatione licitantes incrementa quaestuum. His si quis facile deferat fidem, cito exhaurit pauperum alimoniis profutura compendia. Modus largiendi adsit, ut nec illi inanes recedant, neque transcribatur vita pauperum in spolia fraudulentorum. Et ergo mensura sit, ut neque humanitas deseratur, nec destituatur necessitas.

77. Many pretend they have debts. Let the truth be looked into. They bemoan the fact that they have been stripped of everything by robbers. In such a case give credit only if the misfortune is apparent, or the person is well known; and then readily give help. To those rejected by the Church supplies must be granted if they are in want of food. He, then, that observes method in his giving is hard towards none, but is free towards all, We ought not only to lend our ears to hear the voices of those who plead, but also our eyes to look into their needs. Weakness calls more loudly to the good dispenser than the voice of the poor. It cannot always be that the cries of an importunate beggar will never extort more, but let us not always give way to impudence. He must be seen who does not see thee. He must be sought for who is ashamed to be seen. He also that is in prison must come to thy thoughts; another seized with sickness must present himself to thy mind, as he cannot reach thy ears.

77. Plerique simulant debita. Sit veri examen. ^[123C] Exutos se per latrocinia deplorant: aut injuria fidem faciat, aut cognitio personae, quo propensius juventur. Ab Ecclesia relegatis sumptus impartiendus, si desit eis alendi copia. Itaque qui modum servat, avarus nulli, sed largus omnibus est: non enim solas aures praebere debemus audiendis precantium vocibus, sed etiam oculos considerandis necessitatibus. Plus clamat operatori bono debilitas, quam vox ^[124A] pauperis. Neque vero fieri potest ut non extorqueat amplius importunitas vociferantium: sed non semper impudentiae locus sit. Videndus est ille, qui te non videt: requirendus ille, qui erubescit videri. Ille etiam clausus in carcere occurrat tibi; ille affectus aegritudine mentem tuam personet, qui aures non potest.

78. The more people see thy zeal in showing mercy, the more will they love thee, I know many priests who had the more, the more they gave, For they who see a good dispenser give him something to distribute in his round of duty, sure that the act of mercy will reach the poor. If they see him giving away either in excess or too sparingly, they contemn either of these; in the one case because he wastes the fruits of another’s labours by unnecessary payments, on the other hand because he hoards them in his money bags. As, then, method ¹¹⁹ must be observed in liberality, so also at times it seems as though the spur must be applied. Method, then, so that the kindness one shows may be able to be shown day by day, and that we may not have to withdraw from a needful case what we have freely spent on waste. A spur, because money is better laid out in food for the poor than on a purse for the rich. We must take care test in our money chests we shut up the welfare of the needy, and bury the life of the poor as it were in a sepulchre.

78. Quo plus te operari viderit populus, magis diliget. Scio plerosque sacerdotes, quo plus contulerunt, plus abundasse; quoniam quicumque bonum operarium videt, ipsi confert quod ⁸⁹ ille suo officio dispenset, securus quod ad pauperem sua perveniat misericordia: nemo enim vult, nisi pauperi proficere suam collationem. Nam si quem aut immoderatum aut nimis tenacem dispensatorem viderit, ^[124B] utrumque despiciet: si aut superfluis erogationibus dissipet alieni fructus laboris, aut recondat sacculis. Sicut igitur modus liberalitatis tenendus est, ita etiam calcar plerumque adhibendum videtur. Modus ideo, ut quod benefacis, id quotidie facere possis; ne subtrahas necessitati, quod indulseris effusioni: calcar propterea, quia melius operatur pecunia in pauperis cibo, quam in divitis sacculo. Cave ne intra loculos tuos includas salutem inopum, et tanquam in tumulis sepelias vitam pauperum.

79. Joseph could have given away all the wealth of Egypt, and have spent the royal treasures; but he would not even seem to be wasteful of what was another’s. He preferred to sell the corn rather than to give it to the hungry. For if he had given it to a few there would have been none for most. He gave good proof of that liberality whereby there was enough for all. He opened the storehouses that all might buy their corn supply, lest if they received it for nothing, they should give up cultivating the ground. For he who has the use of what is another’s often neglects his own.

79. Potuit donare Joseph totas Aegypti opes, et effundere thesauros regios; noluit tamen de alieno effusus videri: maluit frumenta vendere, quam donare esurientibus; quia si paucis donasset, plurimis defuisset. Eam liberalitatem probavit, quo abundaret ^[124C] omnibus. Patefecit horrea, ut omnes emerent subsidium frumentarium (Gen. XLI, 56, 57), ne gratis accipiendo, cultus terrarum relinquerent; quoniam qui alieno utitur, suum negligit.

80. First of all, then, he gathered up their money, then their implements, last of all he acquired for the king all their rights to the ground. ¹²⁰ He did not wish to deprive all of them of their property, but to support them in it. He also imposed a general tax, ¹²¹ that they might hold their own in safety. So pleasing was this to all from whom he had taken the land, that they looked on it, not as the selling of their rights, but as the recovery of their welfare. Thus they spoke: “Thou hast saved our lives, let us find grace in the sight of our Lord.” ¹²² For they had lost nothing of their own, but had received a new right. Nothing of what was useful to them had failed, for they had now gained it in perpetuity.

80. Itaque primum omnium coacervavit pecunias, deinde instrumenta caetera, ad postremum jura terrarum regi acquisivit, non ut omnes exueret suo, sed fulciret: publicum tributum constitueret, quo ^[125A] sua tutius habere possent. Quod ita fuit gratum omnibus quibus terras ademerat; ut non venditionem sui juris, sed redemptionem salutis putarent. Denique dixerunt: Sanasti nos, invenimus gratiam in conspectu Domini nostri (Gen. XLVII, 14 et seq., 25). Nam et de proprietate nihil amiserant, qui jus receperant: et de utilitate nihil perdiderant, qui acquisierant perpetuitatem.

81. O noble man! ¹²³ who sought not for the fleeting glory of a needless bounty, but set up as his memorial the lasting benefits of his foresight. He acted so that the people should help themselves by their payments, and should not in their time of need seek help from others. For it was surely better to give up part of their crops than to lose the whole of their rights. He fixed the impost at a fifth of their whole produce, and thus showed himself clear-sighted in making provision for the future, and liberal in the tax he laid upon them. Never after did Egypt suffer from such a famine.

81. O virum magnum, qui non largitatis superfluae temporalem captavit gloriam, sed perpetuam commoditatem constituit providentiae! Fecit enim ut tributis populi se juvarent suis, nec in tempore necessitatis aliena subsidia desiderarent. Melius enim fuit conferre aliquid de fructibus, quam totum de jure amittere. Quintam portionem collationis statuit et in providendo ^[125B] perspicacior, et in tributo liberalior. Denique nunquam postea Aegyptus hujusmodi famem pertulit.

82. How splendidly he inferred the future. First, how acutely, when interpreting the royal dream, he stated the truth. This was the king’s first dream. ¹²⁴ Seven heifers came up out of the river well-favoured and fat-fleshed, and they fed at the banks of the river. And other bullocks ill-favoured and lean-fleshed came up out of the river after the heifers, and fed near them on the very edge of the river. And these thin and wretched bullocks seemed to devour those others which were so fat and well-favoured. And this was the second dream. ¹²⁵ Seven fat ears full and good came up from the ground. And after them seven wretched ears, blasted with the wind and withered, endeavoured to take their place. And it seemed that the barren and thin ears devoured the rich and fruitful ears.

82. Quam praeclare autem collegit futura! Primum quam argute regalis interpres somnii veritatem expressit! Somnium regis primum hoc fuit: Septem juvencae ascendebant de flumine, visu decorae, et pingues corpore, et ad oram pascebantur fluminis. Aliae quoque vitulae visu deformes ac jejunae corpore, post illas juvencas ⁹⁰ ascendebant de flumine, et juxta eas in ipso riparum thoro pascebantur: et visae sunt hae vitulae tenues atque exiles devorare illas quae praestabant et forma et gratia. Et somnium secundum hoc fuit: Septem spicae pingues, electae et bonae de terra surgebant: et post eas septem spicae exiles et vento corruptae ac marcidae se subjicere ^[125C] moliebantur: et visum est quod laetas et uberes spicas steriles spicae et tenues devoraverunt.

83. This dream Joseph unfolded as follows: that the seven heifers were seven years, and the seven ears likewise were seven years,—interpreting the times by the produce of cattle and crops. For both the calving of a heifer takes a year, and the produce of a crop fills out a whole year. And they came up out of the river just as days, years, and times pass by and flow along swiftly like the rivers. He therefore states that the seven earlier years of a rich land will be fertile and fruitful but the latter seven years will be barren and unfruitful, whose barrenness will eat up the richness of the former time. Wherefore he warns them to see that supplies of corn are got together in the fruitful years that they may help out the needs of the coming scarcity.

83. Hoc somnium ita aperuit sanctus Joseph, eo quod septem juvencae septem anni forent, et septem spicae similiter septem anni forent, ex fetu et fructu interpretatus tempora. Fetus enim juvencae annum exprimit, et fructus segetis annum consummat integrum. Quae ideo ascendebant de flumine, quod dies, anni, ac tempora fluminum praetereunt modo, et cursim labuntur. Annos itaque septem priores uberis terrae fertiles ac fecundos declarat futuros: posteriores autem alios septem annos steriles atque infecundos, quorum sterilitas absumptura foret ubertatem superiorum. Qua gratia prospiciendum admonuit, ut uberioribus annis congregaretur subsidium frumentarium, ^[125D] quod sustentare posset inopiam futurae infecunditatis.

84. What shall we admire first? His powers of mind, with which he descended to the very resting-place of truth? Or his counsel, whereby he foresaw so great and lasting a need? Or his watchfulness or justice? By his watchfulness, when so high an office was given him, he gathered together such vast supplies; and through his justice he treated all alike. And what am I to say of his greatness of mind? For though sold by his brothers into slavery, ¹²⁶ he took no revenge for this wrong, but put an end to their want. What of his gentleness, whereby by a pious fraud he sought to gain the presence of his beloved brother whom, under pretence of a well-planned theft, he declared to have stolen his property, that he might hold him as a hostage of his love? ¹²⁷

84. Quid primum mirer? Ingenium quo in ipsum ^[126A] veritatis descendit cubile: an consilium quo tam gravi atque diuturnae prospexit necessitati: an vigilantiam atque justitiam; quarum altera, imposito sibi tanto munere, congregavit tam multiplices commeatus: alteraque aequalitatem per omnes servavit? Nam de magnanimitate quid loquar; quod venditus a fratribus in servitutem, non retulit injuriam, sed famem depulit? Quid de suavitate, qua dilecti fratris praesentiam pia fraude quaesivit, quem simulato per elegantiam furto, reum statuit rapinae, ut obsidem teneret gratiae (Gen. XLIV, 2 et seq.).

85. Whence it was deservedly said to him by his father: “My son Joseph is enlarged, my son is enlarged, my younger son, my beloved. My God hath helped thee and blessed thee with the blessing of heaven above and the blessing of the earth, the earth that hath all things, on account of the blessings of thy father and thy mother. It hath prevailed over the blessings of the everlasting hills and the desires of the eternal hills.” ¹²⁸ And in Deuteronomy: “Thou Who wast seen in the bush, that Thou mayest come upon the head of Joseph, upon his pate. Honoured among his brethren, his glory is as the firstling of his bullocks; his horns are like the horns of unicorns. With his horn he shall push the nations even to the ends of the earth. They are the ten thousands of Ephraim and the thousands of Manasseh.” ¹²⁹

85. Unde merito ei a patre dicitur: Filius ampliatus meus Joseph, filius ampliatus meus, zelotes filius meus adolescentior . . . . Adjuvit te Deus meus, et benedixit te benedictione coeli a summo, et benedictione ^[126B] terrae, terrae habentis omnia, propter benedictiones patris tui et matris. Praevaluit super benedictiones montium manentium, et desideria collium aeternorum (Gen. XLIX, 22 et seq.), et in Deuteronomio: Qui visus es, inquit, in rubo, ut venias super caput Joseph, et super verticem ipsius. Honorificus inter fratres: primitivus tauri decus ejus, cornua unicornui cornua ipsius. In ipsius cornu gentes ventilabit simul usque ad extremum terrae. Ipsi decem millia Ephraem, et ipsi millia Manasses (Deut. XXXIII, 16 et seq.).

CHAPTER 17

CAPUT XVII.

What virtues ought to exist in him whom we consult. How Joseph and Paul were equipped with them.

Quas virtutes in eo quem consulamus, inesse oporteat: et qua ratione iisdem Joseph ac Paulus ornati fuerint?

86. Such, then, ought he to be who gives counsel to another, in order that he may offer himself as a pattern in all good works, in teaching, in trueness of character, in seriousness. Thus his words will be wholesome and irreproachable, his counsel useful, his life virtuous, and his opinions seemly.

86. Talis itaque debet esse qui consilium alteri ^[126C] det, ut se ipsum formam aliis praebeat ad exemplum bonorum operum, in doctrina, in integritate, in gravitate; ut sit ejus sermo salubris atque irreprehensibilis, consilium utile, vita honesta, sententia decora.

87. Such was Paul, who gave counsel to virgins, ¹³⁰ guidance to priests, ¹³¹ so as to offer himself as a pattern for us to copy. Thus he knew how to be humble, as also Joseph did, who, though sprung from the noble family of the patriarchs, was not ashamed of his base slavery; rather he adorned it with his ready service, and made it glorious by his virtues. He knew how to be humble who had to go through the hands of both buyer and seller, and called them, Lord. Hear him as he humbles himself: “My lord on my account knoweth not ¹³² what is in his house, and he hath committed all that he hath to my hand, neither hath he kept back anything from me but thee, because thou art his wife; how, then, can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God?” ¹³³ Full of humility are his words, full, too, of chastity. Of humility, for he was obedient to his Lord; of an honourable spirit, for he was grateful; ¹³⁴ full, also, of chastity, for he thought it a terrible sin to be defiled by so great a crime.

87. Talis erat Paulus, qui consilium dabat virginibus (I Cor. VII, 25 et seq.), magisterium sacerdotibus (Tit. II, 7), ut primum se ipsum formam nobis praeberet ad imitandum. Ideo et humiliari sciebat, sicut scivit et Joseph, qui summo ortus patriarcharum genere, non dedignatus degenerem servitutem, exhibebat eam obsequiis, illustrabat virtutibus. Scivit humiliari, qui et venditorem et emptorem passus est, et dominum appellabat eum. Audi humiliantem se: Si Dominus meus propter me nihil scit in domo sua, et omnia quaecamque habet, ^[126D] dedit in manus meas, neque subtractum est a me quidquam praeter te, quia uxor illius es; quomodo faciam ^[127A] verbum malum hoc, et peccabo coram Domino (Gen. XXXIX, 8 et seq.)? Plena vox humilitatis, plena castimoniae: humilitatis, quia domino deferebat; honorificentiae, quia referebat gratiam: plena quoque castimoniae, quia turpi flagitio contaminari grave peccatum putabat.

88. Such, then, ought the man of counsel to be. He must have nothing dark, or deceptive, or false about him, to cast a shadow on his life and character, nothing wicked or evil to keep back those who want advice. For there are some things which one flies from, others which one despises. ¹³⁵ We fly from those things which can do harm, or can perfidiously and quietly grow to do us hurt, as when he whose advice we ask is of doubtful honour, or is desirous of money, so that a certain sum can make him change his mind. If a man acts unjustly, we fly from him and avoid him. A man that is a pleasure seeker and extravagant, although he does not act falsely, yet is avaricious and too fond of filthy lucre; such an one is despised. What proof of hard work, what fruits of labour, can he give who gives himself up to a sluggish and idle life, or what cares and anxieties ever enter his mind?

88. Talis igitur debet esse consiliarius, qui nihil nebulosum habeat, nihil fallax, nihil simulatum, quod vitam ejus ac mores refellat; nihil improbum ac malevolum, quod avertat consulentes. Alia sunt enim quae fugiuntur, alia quae contemnuntur. Fugimus ea quae possunt nocere, quae malitiose possunt in noxam serpere; ut si is qui consulitur, dubia sit fide, et pecuniae avidus, ut possit pretio mutari: si injuriosus, hic fugitur ac declinatur. Qui vero voluptuarius, ^[127B] intemperans, etsi alienus a fraude; tamen avarus et cupidior lucri turpis, hic contemnitur. Quod enim specimen industriae, quem fructum laboris edere potest, quam recipere animo curam ac sollicitudinem, qui se torpori dederit atque ignaviae?

89. Therefore the man of good counsel says: “I have learnt in whatsoever state I am therewith to be content.” ¹³⁶ For he knew that the root of all evils is the love of money, ¹³⁷ and therefore he was content with what he had, without seeking for what was another’s. Sufficient for me, he says, is what I have; whether I have little or much, to me it is much. It seems as though he wanted to state it as clearly as possible. He makes use of these words: “I am content,” he says, “with what I have.” That means: “I neither have want, nor have I too much. I have no want, for I seek nothing more. I have not too much, for I have it not for myself, but for the many.” This is said with reference to money.

89. Ideo boni vir consilii dicit: Ego enim didici, in quibus sum, sufficiens esse (Phil. IV, 11). Sciebat enim omnium malorum radicem esse avaritiam, et ideo suo contentus erat, alienum non requirebat (I Tim. VI, 10). Satis mihi est, inquit, quod habeo; sive parum, sive plurimum habeam, mihi plurimum est. Expressius aliquid dicendum videtur. Signato verbo usus est: Sufficit mihi, inquit, in quo sum; id est, nec deest, nec superfluit. Non deest, quia nihil quaero amplius: non superfluit, quia non solum ^[127C] mihi habeo, sed pluribus. Hoc de pecunia.

90. But he could have said these words about everything, for all that he had at the moment contented him; that is, he wanted no greater honour, he sought for no further services, he was not desirous of vainglory, nor did he look for gratitude where it was not due; but patient in labours, sure in his merits, he waited for the end of the struggle that he must needs endure. “I know,” he says, “how to be abased.” ¹³⁸ An untaught humility has no claim to praise, but only that which possesses modesty and a knowledge of self. For there is a humility that rests on fear, one, too, that rests on want of skill and ignorance. Therefore the Scripture says: “He will save the humble in spirit.” ¹³⁹ Gloriously, therefore, does he say: “I know how to be abased;” that is to say, where, in what moderation, to what end, in what duty, in which office. The Pharisee knew not how to be abased, therefore he was cast down. The publican knew, and therefore he was justified. ¹⁴⁰

⁹² 90. Caeterum de omnibus dici potest quia sufficiebant illi praesentia, hoc est, non honorem majorem, non obsequia uberiora desiderabat; non gloriae immodicae cupidus, aut gratiam indebite quaerebat: sed debiti finem certaminis, patiens laboris, securus meriti praestolabatur: Scio, inquit, et humiliari (Phil. IV, 12). Non ergo indocta humilitas, sed quae habeat sui modestiam et scientiam, laudi datur. Est enim humilitas formidinis, est imperitiae atque ignorantiae; et ideo Scriptura ait: Et humiles spiritu salvabit (Psal. XXXIII, 19). Praeclare ergo dixit: Scio et humiliari, id est, quo in loco, qua moderatione, quo fine, in quo officio, in quo munere. Nescivit Pharisaeus humiliari, ideo dejectus ^[127D] est: scivit publicanus, ideo justificatus est (Luc. XVIII, 11 et seq.).

91. Paul knew, too, how to abound, for he had a rich soul, though he possessed not the treasure of a rich man. He knew how to abound, for he sought no gift in money, but looked for fruit in grace. We can understand his words that he knew how to abound also in another way. For he could say again: “0 ye Corinthians, our mouth is open unto you, our heart is enlarged.” ¹⁴¹

91. Sciebat et abundare Paulus, quia animum habebat divitem; etsi thesaurum divitis non habebat. ^[128A] Sciebat abundare, qui non quaerebat datum in pecunia, sed requirebat fructum in gratia. Possumus et sic intelligere, quia sciebat abundare, qui poterat dicere: Os nostrum patet ad vos, o Corinthii, cor nostrum dilatatum est (II Cor. VI, 11).

92. In all things he was accustomed both to be full and to be hungry. Blessed is he that knows how to be full in Christ. Not corporal, but spiritual, is that satiety which knowledge brings about. And rightly is there need of knowledge: “For man lives not by bread alone, but by every word of God.” ¹⁴² For he who knew how to be full also knew how to be hungry, so as to be always seeking something new, hungering after God, thirsting for the Lord. He knew how to hunger, for he knew that the hungry shall eat. ¹⁴³ He knew, also, how to abound, and was able to abound, for he had nothing and yet possessed all things. ¹⁴⁴

92. In omnibus erat imbutus, et saturari et esurire. Beatus qui sciebat saturari in Christo. Non ergo illa corporalis, sed spiritualis est satietas, quam operatur scientia. Et merito scientia opus est; quia non in pane solo vivit homo, sed in omni verbo Dei (Deut. VIII, 3). Ergo qui sic sciebat saturari et sic esurire, sciebat ut semper nova quaereret, esuriret Deum, sitiret in Dominum. Sciebat esurire, qui sciebat quia esurientes manducabunt (Matth. V, 6): sciebat et poterat abundare, qui nihil habebat, et ^[128B] possidebat omnia (II Cor. VI, 10).

CHAPTER 18

CAPUT XVIII.

We learn from the fact of the separation of the ten tribes from King Rehoboam what harm bad counsellors can do.

Quantum iniqui consiliarii damni afferant, exemplo decem tribuum a rege Roboam desciscentium sat intelligi.

93. Justice, then, especially graces men that are set over any office; ¹⁴⁵ on the other hand, injustice fails them and fights against them. Scripture itself gives us an example, where it says, that when the people of Israel, after the death of Solomon, had asked his son Rehoboam to free their neck from their cruel yoke, and to lighten the harshness of his father’s rule, he, despising the counsel of the old men, gave the following answer at the suggestion of the young men: “He would add a burden to the yoke of his father, and change their lighter toils for harder.” ¹⁴⁶

93. Egregie itaque viros alicui praesidentes muneri commendat justitia: contra iniquitas destituit atque impugnat. Exemplo nobis est Scriptura quae dicit quia cum populus Israel post mortem Salomonis rogasset filium ejus Roboam, ut relevaret cervices eorum a servitute dura, et paterni imperii temperaret austeritatem, illum spreto senili consilio de suggestione adolescentium responsum dedisse hujusmodi, quia et onus adjiceret super patrium jugum, et leviora gravioribus suppliciis mutaret ^[128C] (III Reg. XII, 4 et seq.).

94. Angered by this answer, the people said: “We have no portion in David, nor inheritance in the son of Jesse. Return to your tents, O Israel. For we will not have this man for a prince or a leader over us.” ¹⁴⁷ So, forsaken and deserted by the people, he could keep with him scarce two of the ten tribes for David’s sake.

94. Quo responso exasperati responderunt populi: Non est nobis portio cum David, neque haereditas in filiis Jesse. Revertere unusquisque in tabernacula tua, Israel (Ibid. 16); quoniam hic homo neque in principem, neque in ducem erit nobis. Itaque desertus a populo ac destitutus, vix duarum tribuum propter David meritum habere potuit societatem.

CHAPTER 19

CAPUT XIX.

Many are won by justice and benevolence and courtesy, but all this must be sincere.

Justitia et benevolentia et affabilitate plurimos conciliari: sed hanc sinceram esse debere.

95. It is plain, then, that equity strengthens empires, and injustice destroys them. How could wickedness hold fast a kingdom when it cannot even rule over a single family? There is need, therefore, of the greatest kindness, so that we may preserve not only the government of affairs in general, but also the rights of individuals. Benevolence is of the greatest value; for it seeks to embrace all in its favours, to bind them to itself by fulfilling duties, and to pledge them to itself by its charm.

95. Claret ergo quoniam et aequitas imperia confirmet, et injustitia dissolvat. Nam quomodo potest malitia regnum possidere, quae ne unam quidem privatam potest regere familiam? Summa igitur benignitate ^[128D] opus est, ut non solum publica gubernacula, sed etiam privata jura tueamur. Plurimum juvat benevolentia, quae omnes studet beneficiis amplecti, devincire officiis, oppignerare gratia.

96. We have also said that courtesy of speech has great effect in winning favour. But we want it to be sincere and sensible, without flattery, lest flattery should disgrace the simplicity and purity of our address. We ought to be a pattern to others not only in act but also in word, in purity, and in faith. What we wish to be thought, such let us be; ¹⁴⁸ and let us show openly such feelings as we have within us. Let us not say an unjust word in our heart that we think can be hid in silence, for He hears things said in secret Who made things secret, and knows the secrets of the heart, and has implanted feelings within. Therefore as though under the eyes of the Judge let us consider all we do as set forth in the light, that it may be manifest to all.

^[129A] 96. Affabilitatem quoque sermonis diximus ad conciliandam gratiam valere plurimum. Sed hanc volumus esse sinceram ac sobriam sine ulla adulatione, ne simplicitatem ac puritatem alloquii dedeceat sermonis adulatio; forma enim esse debemus caeteris non solum in opere, sed etiam in sermone, in castitate ac fide. Quales haberi volumus, tales simus: et qualem affectum habemus, talem aperiamus. Neque dicamus in corde nostro verbum iniquum, quod abscondi putemus silentio; quia audit in occulto dicta, qui occulta fecit: et cognoscit secreta viscerum, qui sensum visceribus infudit. Ergo tamquam sub oculis constituti judicis, quidquid gerimus, in luce positum putemus, ut omnibus manifestetur.

LETTER 51 [EPISTOLA LI.]

To the Emperor Theodosius, After the Massacre at Thessalonica

Ambrose Reprimands Theodosius

Subleyras, 1745

Addressed to the Emperor Theodosius after the massacre at Thessalonica.¹ St. Ambrose begins by stating his reasons for not having met the Emperor on his return to Milan. He then mentions the sentiments of the bishops with regard to the slaughter at Thessalonica, and points out that repentance for that deed is necessary to obtain forgiveness and a victory over the devil, the instigator to that crime. St. Ambrose could not offer the Eucharistic sacrifice in the Emperor’s presence, and, as truly loving the Emperor, grieves and yet hopes.

Adventum ejus non ingrato affectu se declinare, sed ne tacere cogeretur, aut offensionis causam praeberet. Iracundum esse Theodosium, sed ex se placabilem: ne igitur eum commoveret, valetudinem excusasse. Ingemuisse episcopos caedem Thessalonicensem, proinde in eluenda illa sanctorum imitandam poenitentiam, ^[1160A] sine qua peccatum non tollitur. Diabolum qui ei inviderit, vincendum. Non audere se, illo praesente, offerre sacrificium, a quo etiam divinitus fuerit deterritus: at ipsam poenitentiam sacrificium esse. Quod factum ejus non praeverterit, dolere se, quippe qui eum vere diligat.

 AMBROSE, Bishop of Milan, to the Emperor Theodosius

Augustissimo imperatori THEODOSIO AMBROSIUS episcopus.

51.1. THE memory of your old friendship is pleasant to me, and I gratefully call to mind the kindnesses which, in reply to my frequent intercessions, you have most graciously conferred on others. Whence it may be inferred that I did not from any ungrateful feeling avoid meeting you on your arrival, which I had always before earnestly desired. And I will now briefly set forth the reason for my acting as I did.

1. Et veteris amicitiae dulcis mihi recordatio est, et beneficiorum, quae crebris meis intercessionibus summa gratia in alios contulisti, gratiae memini. Unde colligi potest quod non ingrato aliquo affectu adventum tuum semper mihi antehac exoptatissimum declinare potuerim. Sed qua causa hoc fecerim, breviter expediam.

51.2. I saw that from me alone in your court the natural right of hearing was withdrawn, so that I was deprived also of the office of speaking; for you were frequently troubled because certain matters which had been decided in your consistory had come to my knowledge. I, therefore, am without a part in the common privilege, since the Lord Jesus says: “That nothing is hidden, which shall not be made known.” ² I, therefore, as reverently as I could, complied with the imperial will, and took heed that neither yourself should have any reason for displeasure, when I effected that nothing should be related to me of the imperial decrees; and that I, when present, either should not hear, through fear of all others, and so incur the reputation of connivance, or should hear in such a fashion that my ears might be open, my utterance prevented, that I might not be able to utter what I had heard lest I should injure and bring in peril those who had incurred the suspicion of treachery.

^[1160B] 2. Soli mihi in tuo comitatu jus naturae ereptum videbam audiendi, ut et loquendi privarer munere; motus enim frequenter es quod ad me pervenissent aliqua, quae in consistorio tuo statuta forent. Ego ergo expers communis usus sum, cum dicat Dominus Jesus nihil esse occultum, quod non manifestetur (Luc. VIII, 17). Verecundia igitur, qua potui, satisfeci imperiali arbitrio; et prospexi ne aut ipse causam commotionis habeas, cum id egerim, ne quid ad me de imperialibus deferatur statutis: aut ego cum fuero praesens, aut non audiam per metum omnium, et quasi conniventis famam subibo: aut ita audiam, ut mihi aures pateant, vox intercludatur; ut audita non possim eloqui, ne eos qui in suspicionem proditionis venerint, laedam in periculo.

51.3. What, then, could I do? Should I not hear? But I could not close my ears with the wax of the old fables. Should I utter what I heard? But I was bound to be on my guard in my words against that which I feared in your commands, namely, lest some deed of blood should be committed. Should I keep silence? But then my conscience would be bound, my utterance taken away, which would be the most wretched condition of all. And where would be that text? If the priest speak not to him that erreth, he who errs shall die in his sin, and the priest shall be liable to the penalty because he warned not the erring. (Ez. 3:18)

^[1160C] 3. Quid igitur facerem? Non audirem? Sed aures non possem cera veterum fabularum claudere. Proderem? Sed quod in tuis jussis timerem, in meis verbis deberem cavere; ne ⁹⁹⁸ quid cruentum committeretur. Tacerem? Sed quod miserrimum foret omnium, alligaretur conscientia, vox eriperetur. Et ubi illud? Sed si sacerdos non dixerit erranti, is qui erraverit, in sua culpa morietur, et sacerdos reus erit poenae, quia non admonuit errantem (Ezechiel III, 19)?

51.4. Listen, august Emperor. I cannot deny that you have a zeal for the faith; I do confess that you have the fear of God. But you have a natural vehemence, which, if any one endeavours to soothe, you quickly turn to mercy; if any one stirs it up, you rouse it so much more that you can scarcely restrain it. Would that if no one soothe it, at least no one may inflame it! To yourself I willingly entrust it, you restrain yourself, and overcome your natural vehemence by the love of piety.

4. Accipe illud, imperator auguste. Quod habeas fidei studium, non possum negare; quod Dei timorem, non diffiteor: sed habes naturae impetum, ^[1161A] quem si quis lenire velit, cito vertes ad misericordiam: si quis stimulet, in majus exsuscitas, ut eum revocare vix possis. Utinam si nemo mitigat, nullus accendat! Libenter eum committo tibi: ipse te revocas, et pietatis studio vincis impetum naturae.

51.5. This vehemence of yours I preferred to commend privately to your own consideration, rather than possibly raise it by any action of mine in public. And so I have preferred to be somewhat wanting in duty rather than in humility, and that other, should rather think me wanting in priestly authority than that you should find me lacking in most loving reverence, that having restrained your vehemence your power of deciding on your counsel should not be weakened. I excuse myself by bodily sickness, which was in truth severe, and scarcely to be lightened but by great care. Yet I would rather have died than not wait two or three days for your arrival. But it was not possible for me to do so.

5. Hunc ego impetum malui cogitationibus tuis secreto committere, quam meis factis publice fortassis movere. Itaque malui officio meo aliquid deesse, quam humilitati: et requiri in me ab aliis sacerdotis auctoritatem, quam a te desiderari in me amantissime honorificentiam; ut represso impetu, integra esset consilii eligendi facultas. Praetendi aegritudinem corporis re vera gravem, et nisi a viris mitioribus vix levandam: vel emori tamen maluissem, quam adventum tuum biduo, aut triduo non ^[1161B] exspectarem. Sed quid facerem, non erat.

51.6. There was that done in the city of the Thessalonians of which no similar record exists, which I was not able to prevent happening; which, indeed, I had before said would be most atrocious when I so often petitioned against it, and that which you yourself show by revoking it too late you consider to be grave, ⁴ this I could not extenuate when done. When it was first heard of, a synod had met because of the arrival of the Gallican Bishops. There was not one who did not lament it, not one who thought lightly of it; your being in fellowship with Ambrose was no excuse for your deed. Blame for what had been done would have been heaped more and more on me, had no one said that your reconciliation to our God was necessary.

6. Factum est in urbe Thessalonicensium quod nulla memoria habet, quod revocare non potui, ne fieret; immo quod ante atrocissimum fore dixi, cum toties rogarem: et quod ipse sero revocando grave factum putasti, hoc factum extenuare non poteram. Quando primum auditum est, propter adventum Gallorum episcoporum Synodus convenerat; nemo non ingemuit, nullus mediocriter accepit: non erat facti tui absolutio in Ambrosii communione, in me etiam amplius commissi exaggeraretur invidia, si nemo diceret Dei nostri reconciliationem fore necessariam.

51.7. Are you ashamed, O Emperor, to do that which the royal prophet David, the forefather of Christ, according to the flesh, did? To him it was told how the rich man who had many flocks seized and killed the poor man’s one lamb, because of the arrival of his guest, and recognizing that he himself was being condemned in the tale, for that he himself had done it, he said: “I have sinned against the Lord.” ⁵ Bear it, then, without impatience, O Emperor, if it be said to you: "You have done that which was spoken of to King David by the prophet. For if you listen obediently to this, and say: “I have sinned against the Lord,” if you repeat those words of the royal prophet: “O come let us worship and fall down before Him, and mourn before the Lord our God. Who made us,” ⁶ it shall be said to you also: “Since thou repentest, the Lord putteth away thy sin, and thou shalt not die,” ⁷

7. An pudet te, Imperator, hoc facere quod rex propheta, auctor Christi secundum carnem prosapiae ^[1161C] fecit David? Illi dictum est, quia dives qui haberet plurimos greges, unam pauperis ovem propter adventum hospitis eripuit et occidit; et cognito quod in hoc ipse argueretur, quia ipse fecisset, ait: Peccavi Domino (II Reg. XII, 13). Noli ergo impatienter ferre, Imperator, si dicatur tibi: Tu fecisti istud, quod David regi dictum est a propheta. Si enim hoc sedulo audieris, et dixeris: Peccavi Domino; si dixeris regale istud propheticum: Venite adoremus, ⁹⁹⁹ et procidamus ante eum; et ploremus ante Dominum nostrum, qui fecit nos (Psal. XCIV, 6); dicetur et tibi: Quoniam poenitet te, dimittit tibi Dominus peccatum tuum, et non morieris (II Reg. XII, 13).

51.8. And again, David, after he had commanded the people to be numbered, was smitten in heart, and said to the Lord: “I have sinned exceedingly, because I have commanded this, and now, O Lord, take away the iniquity of Thy servant, for I have transgressed exceedingly.” ⁸ And the prophet Nathan was sent again to him, to offer him the choice of three things, that he should select the one he chose—famine in the land for three years, or that he should flee for three months before his enemies, or mortal pestilence in the land for three days. And David answered: “These three things are a great strait to me, but let me fall into the hand of the Lord, for very many are His mercies, and let me not fall into the hands of man.” ⁹ Now his fault was that he desired to know the number of the whole of the people which was with him, which knowledge he ought to have left to God alone.

8. Iterum cum plebem numerari jussisset David, percussus est corde, et dixit ad Dominum: Peccavi ^[1161D] vehementer, quod fecerim hoc verbum, et nunc, Domine, aufer iniquitatem servi tui, quod deliqui vehementer (II Reg. XXIV, 10). Et missus est iterum ad eum Nathan propheta, qui ei trium optionem conditionum offerret, ut quam vellet, eligeret: famem ^[1162A] tribus annis in terra, aut tribus mensibus fugere a facie inimicorum suorum, aut triduo mortem in terra. Et respondit David: Angustiae sunt tria haec vehementer; verumtamen incidam in manu Domini; quoniam multae misericordiae ejus nimis: et in manus hominis non incidam (Ibid., 14). Culpa autem erat, quoniam voluit scire numerum totius plebis, quae secum erat: quod scire Deo soli debuit reservare.

51.9. And, we are told, when death came upon the people, on the very first day at dinner time, when David saw the angel smiting the people, he said: “I have sinned, and I, the shepherd, have done wickedly, and this flock, what hath it done? Let Thine hand be upon me, and upon my father’s house.” ¹⁰ And so it repented the Lord, and He commanded the angel to spare the people, and David to offer a sacrifice, for sacrifices were then offered for sins; sacrifices are now those of penitence. And so by that humbling of himself he became more acceptable to God, for it is no matter of wonder that a man should sin, but this is reprehensible, if he does not recognize that he has erred, and humble himself before God.

9. Et cum, inquit, mors fieret in plebe, ipso primo die ad horam prandii cum vidisset David percutientem angelum in plebem, ait David: Ego peccavi, et ego pastor malignum feci, et hic grex quid fecit? Fiat manus tua in me, et in domum patris mei (Ibid., 17). Itaque poenituit Dominum, et jussit angelo ut parceret plebi, sacrificium autem offerret David; erant ^[1162B] enim tunc sacrificia pro delictis, haec nunc sunt sacrificia poenitentiae. Itaque ea humilitate acceptior Deo factus est: non enim mirandum peccare hominem: sed illud reprehensibile, si non se cognoscat errasse, non humiliet Deo.

51.10. Holy Job, himself also powerful in this world, says: “I hid not my sin, but declared it before all the people.” ¹¹ His son Jonathan said to the fierce King Saul himself: “Do not sin against thy servant David;” ¹² and: “Why dost thou sin against innocent blood, to slay David without a cause?” ¹³ For, although he was a king, yet he would have sinned if he slew the innocent. And again, David also, when he was in possession of the kingdom, and had heard that innocent Abner had been slain by Joab, the leader of his host, said: “I am guiltless and my kingdom is guiltless henceforth and for ever of the blood of Abner, the son of Ner,” ¹⁴ and he fasted for sorrow.

10. Job sanctus et ipse potens in saeculo, ait: Peccatum meum non abscondi, sed coram plebe omni annuntiavi (Job. XXXI, 33). Ipsi immani regi Saul dixit Jonathas filius suus: Noli peccare in servum tuum David (I Reg. XIX, 4): et: Ut quid peccas in sanguinem innocentem occidere David sine causa (Ibid., 5)? Quia etsi rex erat, peccabat tamen, si occideret innocentem. Denique etiam David cum jam regno potiretur, et audisset Abner innocentem occisum a Joab duce militiae suae, ait: Innocens sum ego et ^[1162C] regnum meum amodo et usque in aeternum a sanguine Abner filii Ner (II Reg. III, 28); et jejunavit in dolore.

51.11. I have written this, not in order to confound you, but that the examples of these kings may stir you up to put away this sin from your kingdom, for you will do it away by humbling your soul before God. You are a man, and it has come upon you, conquer it. Sin is not done away but by tears and penitence. Neither angel can do it, nor archangel. The Lord Himself, Who alone can say, “I am with you,” ¹⁵ if we have sinned, does not forgive any but those who repent.

11. Haec ideo scripsi, non ut te confundam, sed ut regum exempla provocent, ut tollas hoc peccatum de regno tuo: tolles autem humiliando Deo animam tuam. Homo es, et tibi venit tentatio, vince eam. Peccatum non tollitur nisi lacrymis et poenitentia. Nec angelus potest, nec archangelus; Dominus ipse, qui solus potest dicere: Ego vobiscum sum (Matth. XXVIII, 20); si peccaverimus, nisi poenitentiam deferentibus non relaxat.

51.12. I urge, I beg, I exhort, I warn, for it is a grief to me, that you who were an example of unusual piety, who were conspicuous for clemency, who would not suffer single offenders to be put in peril, should not mourn that so many have perished. Though you have waged battle most successfully, though in other matters, too, you are worthy of praise, yet piety was ever the crown of your actions. The devil envied that which was your most excellent possession. Conquer him whilst you still possess that wherewith you may conquer. Do not add another sin to your sin by a course of action which has injured many.

12. Suadeo, rogo, hortor, admoneo; quia dolori est mihi, ut tu qui pietatis inauditae exemplum eras, qui apicem clementiae tenebas, qui singulos nocentes non patiebaris periclitari, ¹⁰⁰⁰ tot periisse non ^[1162D] doleas innocentes. Etsi in praeliis felicissime egeris, etsi in aliis quoque laudabilis; tamen apex tuorum operum pietas semper fuit. Id tibi invidit diabolus, quod habebas praestantissimum. Vince eum, dum habes adhuc unde possis vincere. Noli peccato tuo aliud ^[1163A] peccatum addere; ut usurpes, quod usurpasse multis officit.

51.13. I, indeed, though a debtor to your kindness, for which I cannot be ungrateful, that kindness which has surpassed that of many emperors, and has been equalled by one only; I, I say, have no cause for a charge of contumacy against you, but have cause for fear; I dare not offer the sacrifice if you intend to be present. Is that which is not allowed after shedding the blood of one innocent person, allowed after shedding the blood of many? I do not think so.

13. Ego certe in omnibus aliis licet debitor pietati tuae, cui ingratus esse non possum, quam pietatem multis imperatoribus praeferebam, uni adaequabam: ego, inquam, causam in te contumaciae nullam habeo, sed habeo timoris: offerre non audeo sacrificium, si volueris assistere. An quod in unius innocentis sanguine non licet, in multorum licet? Non puto.

51.14. Lastly, I am writing with my own hand that which you alone may read. As I hope that the Lord will deliver me from all troubles, I have been warned, not by man, nor through man, but plainly by Himself that this is forbidden me. For when I was anxious, in the very night in which I was preparing to set out, you appeared to me in a dream to have come into the Church, and I was not permitted to offer the sacrifice. I pass over other things, which I could have avoided, but I bore them for love of you, as I believe. May the Lord cause all things to pass peaceably. Our God gives warnings in many ways, by heavenly signs, by the precepts of the prophets; by the visions even of sinners He wills that we should understand, that we should entreat Him to take away all disturbances, to preserve peace for you emperors, that the faith and peace of the Church, whose advantage it is that emperors should be Christians and devout, may continue.

14. Postremo scribo manu mea, quod solus legas. Ita me Dominus ab omnibus tribulationibus liberet; quia non ab homine, neque per hominem, sed aperte mihi interdictum adverti. Cum enim essem sollicitus, ipsa nocte qua proficisci parabam, venisse ^[1163B] quidem visus es ad Ecclesiam; sed mihi sacrificium offerre non licuit. Alia praetereo, ut potui cavere: sed pertuli amore tuo, ut arbitror. Dominus faciat ut omnia cum tranquillitate cedant. Multifarie Deus noster admonet, signis coelestibus, prophetarum praeceptis: visionibus etiam peccatorum vult nos intelligere; quo rogemus eum, ut perturbationes auferat, pacem vobis imperantibus servet, fides Ecclesiae et tranquillitas perseveret, cui prodest christianos et pios esse imperatores.

51.15. You certainly desire to be approved by God. “To everything there is a time,” ¹⁶ as it is written: “It is time for Thee, Lord, to work.” ¹⁷ “It is an acceptable time, O Lord.” ¹⁸ You shall then make your offering when you have received permission to sacrifice, when your offering shall be acceptable to God. Would it not delight me to enjoy the favour of the Emperor, to act according to your wish, if the case allowed it? And prayer by itself is a sacrifice, it obtains pardon, when the oblation would bring offence, for the one is a sign of humility, the other of contempt. For the Word of God Himself tells us that He prefers the performance of His commandments to the offering of sacrifice. God proclaims this, Moses declares it to the people, Paul preaches it to the Gentiles. Do that which you understand is most profitable for the time. “I prefer mercy,” it is said, “rather than sacrifice.” ¹⁹ Are they not, then, rather Christians in truth who condemn their own sin, than they who think to defend it? “The just is an accuser of himself in the beginning of his words.” ²⁰ He who accuses himself when tie has sinned is just, not he who praises himself.

15. Certe vis probari Deo. Omnis rei tempus, ut scriptum est: Tempus, inquit, faciendi, Domine (Eccles. III, 1); et: Tempus beneplaciti Deus (Psal. CXVIII, 126). Tunc offeres, cum sacrificandi acceperis facultatem, quando hostia tua accepta sit Deo. ^[1163C] Nonne me delectaret habere gratiam imperatoris, ut secundum voluntatem tuam agerem, si causa pateretur? Et simplex oratio sacrificium est: haec veniam refert, illa offensionem; quia haec habet humilitatem, ^[1164A] illa contemptum: Dei enim vox est, quod malit ut fiat mandatum ejus, quam deferatur sacrificium. Clamat istud Deus, ad populum Moyses annuntiat, ad populos Paulus praedicat. Id facito quod intelligis in tempore plus facere. Misericordiam, inquit, malo quam sacrificium (Matth. IX, 13). Quare non illi magis sint Christiani, qui peccatum condemnant suum, quam qui defendere putant? Justus enim in exordio sermonis accusator est sui (Prov. XVIII, 17). Qui se accusat cum peccaverit, justus est, non ille qui se laudaverit.

51.16. I wish, O Emperor, that before this I had trusted rather to myself, than to your habits. When I consider that you quickly pardon, and quickly revoke your sentence, as you have often done; you have been anticipated, and I have not shunned that which I needed not to fear. But thanks be to the Lord, Who willeth to chastise His servants, that He may not lose them. This I have in common with the prophets, and you shall have it in common with the saints.

16. Utinam, Imperator, etiam ante mihi potius credidissem, quam consuetudini tuae. Cum puto quod cito ignoscis, cito revocas, ut saepe fecisti; et tu praeventus es, et ego non declinavi, quod cavere ^[1164B] non debueram. Sed gratias Domino, qui vult servulos suos castigare, ne ¹⁰⁰¹ perdat. Istud mihi commune est cum prophetis, et tibi erit commune cum sanctis.

51.17. Shall I not value the father of Gratian more than my very eyes? Your other holy pledges also claim pardon. I conferred beforehand a dear name on those to whom I bore a common love. I follow you with my love, my affection, and my prayers. If you believe me, be guided by me; if, I say, you believe me, acknowledge what I say; if you believe me not, pardon that which I do, in that I set God before you. May you, most august Emperor, with your holy offspring, enjoy perpetual peace with perfect happiness and prosperity.

17. An ego Gratiani patrem non oculis meis praeferam? Debent veniam sancta alia pignora tua. Dulce mihi nomen antetuli, quibus amorem communiter detuli. Amo, diligo, orationibus prosequor. Si credis, sequere; si, inquam, credis, agnosce quod dico: si non credis, ignosce quod facio, in quo Deum praefero. Beatissimus et florentissimus cum sanctis pignoribus fruaris tranquillitate perpetua, Imperator auguste.