tr. based in part by D. S. Hutchinson in Plato, Complete Works.

J. Burnet, Platonis opera, vol. 5, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907 (repr. 1967): St III.411a-416a.

(aïdion), eternal: existent at all times, including past and present, without being destroyed.

Ἀίδιον τὸ κατὰ πάντα χρόνον καὶ πρότερον ὂν καὶ νῦν μὴ ἐφθαρμένον.

(theos), god: immortal living being, self-sufficient for happiness; eternal being, the cause of the nature of goodness.

Θεὸς ζῷον ἀθάνατον, αὔταρκες πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν· οὐσία ἀίδιος, τῆς τἀγαθοῦ φύσεως αἰτία.

(genesis), becoming: change into being; coming to participate in being; passing into existence.

Γένεσις κίνησις εἰς οὐσίαν· μετάληψις οὐσίας· πόρευσις εἰς τὸ εἶναι.

(hēlios), sun: the only celestial fire which is visible to the same people from dawn to dusk; the daylight star; the largest eternal living creature.

Ἥλιος πῦρ οὐράνιον· ὃ μόνον ἀπ’ ἠοῦς μέχρι δείλης τοῖς (b) αὐτοῖς ἔστιν ὁραθῆναι ἄστρον ἡμεροφανές· ζῷον ἀίδιον ἔμψυχον τὸ μέγιστον.

(chronos), time: the motion of the sun, the measure of its course.

Χρόνος ἡλίου κίνησις, μέτρον φορᾶς. τοὐναντίον νυκτί.

(hēmera), day: the journey of the sun, from rising to setting; the light opposed to the night.

(heōs), dawn: the beginning of the day; first light of the sun.

Ἕως ἡμέρας ἀρχή· τὸ πρῶτον φῶς ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου.

(mesēmbria), midday: the time at which the shadows of bodies are all at their shortest.

Μεσημβρία χρόνος ἐν ᾧ τῶν σωμάτων αἱ σκιαὶ ἐλαχίστου μήκους κοινωνοῦσιν.

(deilē), sunset: the end of the day.

Δείλη ἡμέρας τελευτή.

(nux), night: the darkness opposed to day; the absence of the sun.

Νὺξ σκότος τοὐναντίον ἡμέρᾳ· ἡλίου στέρησις.

(tuchē), luck: passage from the unclear to the unclear; spontaneous cause of a supernatural event. [c]

Τύχη φορὰ ἐξ ἀδήλου εἰς ἄδηλον, καὶ ἡ ἐκ τοῦ αὐτομάτου αἰτία δαιμονίας πράξεως.

(gēras), old age: deterioration of a living thing due to the passage of time.

Γῆρας φθίσις ἐμψύχου ὑπὸ χρόνου γιγνομένη.

(pneuma), wind: movement of air in the region of the earth.

Πνεῦμα κίνησις ἀέρος περὶ τὴν γῆν

(aēr), air: the element to which every spatial motion is natural.

Ἀὴρ στοιχεῖον οὗ πᾶσαι αἱ κατὰ τόπον κινήσεις κατὰ φύσιν εἰσίν.

(ouranos), sky: the body which surrounds all perceptible things except the uppermost air itself.

Οὐρανὸς σῶμα περιέχον πάντα τὰ αἰσθητὰ πλὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ   ἀνωτάτου ἀέρος.

(psuchē), soul: that which moves itself; the cause of vital processes in living creatures.

Ψυχὴ τὸ αὑτὸ κινοῦν· αἰτία κινήσεως ζωτικῆς ζῴων.

(dunamis), ability: that which produces results on account of itself.

Δύναμις τὸ καθ’ αὑτὸ ποιητικόν.

(opsis), vision: the state of being able to discern bodies.

Ὄψις ἕξις διακριτικὴ σωμάτων.

(ostoun), bone: marrow hardened by heat.

Ὀστοῦν μυελὸς ὑπὸ θερμοῦ παγείς.   

(stoicheion), element: that which complex things are composed of and resolved into.

Στοιχεῖον τὸ συνάγον καὶ διαλύον τὰ σύνθετα.

(aretē), virtue: the best disposition; the state of a mortal creature which is in itself praise-worthy; the state on account of which its possessor is said to be good; the just observance of the laws; the disposition on account of which he who is so disposed¹ is said to be perfectly excellent; the state which produces faithfulness to law.

Ἀρετὴ διάθεσις ἡ βελτίστη· ἕξις θνητοῦ ζῴου καθ’ αὑτὴν ἐπαινετή· ἕξις καθ’ ἣν τὸ ἔχον ἀγαθὸν λέγεται· κοινωνία νόμων δικαία· διάθεσις, καθ’ ἣν τὸ ἔχον διακείμενον τελείως σπουδαῖον λέγεται· ἕξις ποιητικὴ εὐνομίας.

(phronēsis), practical wisdom: the ability which by itself is productive of human happiness; the knowledge of what is good and bad; the knowledge that produces happiness;2 the disposition by which we judge what is to be done and what is to be done.

Φρόνησις δύναμις ποιητικὴ καθ’ αὑτὴν τῆς ἀνθρώπου   εὐδαιμονίας· ἐπιστήμη ἀγαθῶν καὶ κακῶν· διάθεσις καθ’ ἣν κρίνομεν τί πρακτέον καὶ τί οὐ πρακτέον.

(dikaiosunē), justice: the unanimity of the soul with itself, [e] and the good discipline of the parts of the soul with respect to each other and concerning each other; the state that distributes to each person according to what is deserved; the state on account of which its possessor chooses what appears to him to be just; the state underlying a law-abiding way of life; social equality; the state of obedience to the laws.

Δικαιοσύνη ὁμόνοια τῆς ψυχῆς πρὸς αὑτήν, καὶ εὐταξία (e) τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς μερῶν πρὸς ἄλληλά τε καὶ περὶ ἄλληλα· ἕξις διανεμητικὴ τοῦ κατ’ ἀξίαν ἑκάστῳ· ἕξις καθ’ ἣν ὁ ἔχων προαιρετικός ἐστιν τῶν φαινομένων αὐτῷ δικαίων· ἕξις ἐν βίῳ νόμου ὑπήκοος· ἰσότης κοινωνική· ἕξις ὑπηρετικὴ νόμων.   

(sōphrosunē), self-control: moderation of the soul concerning the desires and pleasures that normally occur in it; harmony and good discipline in the soul in respect of normal pleasures and pains; concord of the soul in respect of ruling and being ruled; normal personal independence; good discipline in the soul; rational agreement within the soul about what is ^[412] admirable and contemptible; the state by which its possessor chooses and is cautious about what he should.

Σωφροσύνη μετριότης τῆς ψυχῆς περὶ τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ κατὰ φύσιν γιγνομένας ἐπιθυμίας τε καὶ ἡδονάς· εὐαρμοστία καὶ εὐταξία ψυχῆς πρὸς τὰς κατὰ φύσιν ἡδονὰς καὶ λύπας· συμφωνία ψυχῆς πρὸς τὸ ἄρχειν καὶ ἄρχεσθαι· αὐτοπραγία κατὰ φύσιν· εὐταξία ψυχῆς· λογιστικὴ ὁμιλία ψυχῆς περὶ καλῶν καὶ αἰσχρῶν· ἕξις καθ’ ἣν ὁ ἔχων αἱρετικός ἐστι καὶ εὐλαβητικὸς ὧν χρή.

(andreia), courage: the state of the soul which is unmoved by fear; military confidence; knowledge of the facts of warfare; self-restraint in the soul about what is fearful and terrible; boldness in obedience to wisdom; being intrepid in the face of death; the state which stands on guard over correct thinking in dangerous situations; force which counterbalances danger; force of fortitude in respect of virtue; calm in the soul about what correct thinking takes to be frightening or encouraging things; the preservation of fearless beliefs about the terrors and experience of warfare; the state which cleaves to the law.

Ἀνδρεία ἕξις ψυχῆς ἀκίνητος ὑπὸ φόβου· θάρσος πολε- μικόν· ἐπιστήμη τῶν κατὰ πόλεμον πραγμάτων· ἐγκράτεια ψυχῆς πρὸς τὰ φοβερὰ καὶ δεινά· τόλμα ὑπηρετικὴ φρονήσεως· εὐθαρσία ἐπὶ θανάτου προσδοκίᾳ· ἕξις διαφυλακτικὴ λογισμῶν ὀρθῶν ἐν κινδύνοις· ῥώμη πρὸς κίνδυνον ἀντίρροπος· ῥώμη καρτερικὴ πρὸς ἀρετήν· ἠρεμία ψυχῆς περὶ τὰ δεινὰ καὶ θαρσαλέα κατὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λόγον φαινόμενα· σωτηρία (b) δογμάτων ἀδήλων περὶ τὰ δεινὰ καὶ ἐμπειρία πολέμου· ἕξις ἐμμενητικὴ νόμου.

(enkrateia), self-restraint: the ability to endure pain; obedience to correct thinking; the unbeatable ability of the conceptions of correct thinking.

Ἐγκράτεια δύναμις ὑπομενητικὴ λύπης· ἀκολούθησις τῷ ὀρθῷ λογισμῷ· δύναμις ἀνυπέρβλητος τοῦ ὑποληφθέντος ὀρθῷ λογισμῷ.

(autarkeia), self-sufficiency: perfect possession of good things; the state in respect of which those who have it are masters of themselves.

Αὐτάρκεια τελειότης κτήσεως ἀγαθῶν· ἕξις καθ’ ἣν οἱ ἔχοντες αὐτοὶ αὑτῶν ἄρχουσιν.

(epieikeia), fairness: ceding one’s rights and advantages; moderation in agreements; the good discipline of a rational soul in respect of what is [c] admirable and contemptible.

Ἐπιείκεια δικαίων καὶ συμφερόντων ἐλάττωσις· μετριότης ἐν συμβολαίοις· εὐταξία ψυχῆς λογιστικῆς πρὸς τὰ καλὰ καὶ αἰσχρά.

(karteria), fortitude: endurance of pain for the sake of what is admirable; endurance of labor for the sake of what is admirable.

Καρτερία ὑπομονὴ λύπης ἕνεκα τοῦ καλοῦ· ὑπομονὴ πόνων ἕνεκα τοῦ καλοῦ.

(tharsos), confidence: not foreseeing anything bad; being undisturbed by the presence of something bad.

Θάρσος ἀπροσδοκία κακοῦ· ἀνεκπληξία διὰ κακοῦ παρου- σίαν.

(alupia), painlessness: the state in respect of which we are not subject to suffering pain.

Ἀλυπία ἕξις καθ’ ἣν ἀνέμπτωτοί ἐσμεν εἰς λύπας.   

(philoponia), industriousness: the state which accomplishes what one has proposed; voluntary fortitude; irreproachable state in respect of labor.

Φιλοπονία ἕξις ἀποτελεστικὴ οὗ ἂν προέληται· καρτερία ἑκούσιος· ἕξις ἀδιάβλητος πρὸς πόνον.

(aidōs), modesty: voluntarily drawing back from reckless behavior, according to what is right and seems best; voluntarily holding to what is best; being cautious to avoid justified [d] criticism.

Αἰδὼς τολμήσεως ὑποχώρησις ἑκουσία δικαίως καὶ πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον φανέν· καταλαβὴ ἑκουσία τοῦ βελτίστου· εὐλάβεια ὀρθοῦ ψόγου.   

(eleutheria), freedom: being in control of one’s life; having sole authority in all respects; power to do what one likes in life; being unsparing in using and possessing property.

Ἐλευθερία ἡγεμονία βίου· αὐτοκράτεια ἐπὶ παντί· ἐξουσία τοῦ καθ’ ἑαυτὸν ἐν βίῳ· ἀφειδία ἐν χρήσει καὶ ἐν κτήσει οὐσίας.

(eleutheriotēs), liberality: the proper state in respect of moneymaking; appropriate expenditure4 and saving of property.

Ἐλευθεριότης ἕξις πρὸς τὸ χρηματίζεσθαι ὡς δεῖ· πρόσ- θεσις καὶ κτῆσις οὐσίας ὡς χρή. @1

(praiotēs), even temper: suppression of the impulse caused by anger; an harmonious blend of the soul.

Πρᾳότης κατάστασις κινήσεως τῆς ὑπ’ ὀργῆς· κρᾶσις ψυχῆς σύμμετρος.

(kosmiotēs), decorum: voluntary submission to what seems best; being disciplined in moving the body.

Κοσμιότης ὕπειξις ἑκουσία πρὸς τὸ φανὲν βέλτιστον· εὐταξία περὶ κίνησιν σώματος.

(eudaimonia), success in life: the good composed of all goods; an ability which suffices for living well; perfection in respect of virtue; resources sufficient [e] for a living creature.

Εὐδαιμονία ἀγαθὸν ἐκ πάντων ἀγαθῶν συγκείμενον· δύ-   ναμις αὐτάρκης πρὸς τὸ εὖ ζῆν· τελειότης κατ’ ἀρετήν· (e) ὠφελία αὐτάρκης ζῴου.

(megaloprepeia), magnificence: being estimable, according to the correct reasoning of the most dignified of men.5

Μεγαλοπρέπεια ἀξίωσις κατὰ λογισμὸν ὀρθὸν τὸν σεμνό- τατον.

(anchinoia), quick wit: talent of the soul which enables its possessor to hit upon what is necessary in each case; mental penetration.

Ἀγχίνοια εὐφυΐα ψυχῆς, καθ’ ἣν ὁ ἔχων στοχαστικός ἐστιν ἑκάστῳ τοῦ δέοντος· ὀξύτης νοῦ.    

(chrēstotēs), honesty: moral sincerity, together with intelligence; excellence of character.

Χρηστότης ἤθους ἀπλαστία μετ’ εὐλογιστίας· ἤθους σπουδαιότης.

(kalokagathia), moral perfection: the state which decides to do the best things.

Καλοκαγαθία ἕξις προαιρετικὴ τῶν βελτίστων.

(megalopsuchia), magnanimity: nobility in dealing with events; magnificence of soul, together with reason.

Μεγαλοψυχία χρῆσις τοῖς συμβαίνουσιν ἀστεία· μεγα- λοπρέπεια ψυχῆς μετὰ λόγου.   

(philanthrōpia), love of humanity, or kindness: the easy-going character state of being friendly to people; the state of being helpful to people; the trait of gratefulness; memory, together with helpfulness.

Φιλανθρωπία ἕξις εὐάγωγος ἤθους πρὸς ἀνθρώπου φιλίαν· ἕξις εὐεργετικὴ ἀνθρώπων· χάριτος σχέσις· μνήμη μετ’ εὐεργεσίας.

(eusebeia), piety: justice concerning the gods; the ability to serve the gods voluntarily; ^[413] the correct conception of the honor due to gods; knowledge of the honor due to gods.

Εὐσέβεια δικαιοσύνη περὶ θεούς· δύναμις θεραπευτικὴ θεῶν ἑκούσιος· περὶ θεῶν τιμῆς ὑπόληψις ὀρθή· ἐπιστήμη τῆς περὶ θεῶν τιμῆς.

(agathon), good: that which is for its own sake.

Ἀγαθὸν τὸ αὑτοῦ ἕνεκεν.

(aphobia), fearlessness: the state in which we are not subject to fear.

Ἀφοβία ἕξις καθ’ ἣν ἀνέμπτωτοί ἐσμεν εἰς φόβους.

(apatheia), passionlessness: the state in which we are not subject to passions.

Ἀπάθεια ἕξις καθ’ ἣν ἀνέμπτωτοί ἐσμεν εἰς πάθη.   

(eirēnē), peace: a quiet period in respect of military conflict.

Εἰρήνη ἡσυχία ἐπ’ ἔχθρας πολεμικάς.

(rāithumia), laziness: inertia of the soul; having no passion in the spirited part.

Ῥᾳθυμία ῥᾳστώνη ψυχῆς· ἀπάθεια τοῦ θυμοειδοῦς.

(deinotēs), cleverness: the disposition which enables its possessor to hit upon his particular objective.

Δεινότης διάθεσις καθ’ ἣν ὁ ἔχων στοχαστικός ἐστιν τοῦ ἰδίου τέλους.

(philia), friendship: agreeing about what is admirable and just; deciding on the same way of life; having the same views about moral decision and moral conduct; agreeing on a way of life; sharing on the basis of benevolence; sharing in rendering and accepting favors.

Φιλία ὁμόνοια ὑπὲρ καλῶν καὶ δικαίων· προαίρεσις βίου τοῦ αὐτοῦ· ὁμοδοξία περὶ προαιρέσεως καὶ πράξεως· ὁμόνοια περὶ βίον· κοινωνία μετ’ εὐνοίας· κοινωνία τοῦ εὖ ποιῆσαι καὶ παθεῖν.

(eugeneia), nobility: the virtue of a noble character; a soul well cultivated in words and deeds.

Εὐγένεια ἀρετὴ εὐγενοῦς ἤθους· εὐαγωγία ψυχῆς πρὸς λόγους ἢ πράξεις.

(hairesis), selection: correct evaluation.

Αἵρεσις δοκιμασία ὀρθή.

(eunoia), benevolence: kindliness of a man towards another.

Εὔνοια [αἵρεσις] ἀνθρώπου πρὸς ἄνθρωπον ἀσπασμός.

(oikeiotēs), kinship: sharing in the same descent.

Οἰκειότης ταὐτοῦ γένους κοινωνία.

(homonoia), agreement: sharing everything that is on one’s mind;⁶ harmony of thoughts and assumptions.

Ὁμόνοια κοινωνία τῶν ὄντων ἁπάντων· συμφωνία νοημά- των καὶ ὑπολημμάτων.

(agapēsis), contentment: welcoming everything.

Ἀγάπησις ἀπόδεξις παντελής.

(politikē), political skill: the knowledge of what is admirable and useful; the knowledge of how to produce justice in a city. [c]

Πολιτικὴ ἐπιστήμη καλῶν καὶ συμφερόντων· ἐπιστήμη ποιητικὴ δικαιοσύνης ἐν πόλει.

(hetairia), camaraderie: the friendship among people of the same age formed by keeping company with each other.

Ἑταιρία φιλία κατὰ συνήθειαν ἐν τοῖς καθ’ ἡλικίαν γεγενημένοις.

(euboulia), good counsel: the inborn virtue of reasoning.

Εὐβουλία ἀρετὴ λογισμοῦ σύμφυτος.

(pistis), faith: the conception⁷ that things are as they appear to one; firmness of character.

Πίστις ὑπόληψις ὀρθὴ τοῦ οὕτως ἔχειν ὡς αὐτῷ φαίνεται· βεβαιότης ἤθους.

(alētheia), truth, veracity: the correct state expressed in affirmation and denial; edge of truths.

Ἀλήθεια ἕξις ἐν καταφάσει καὶ ἀποφάσει· ἐπιστήμη ἀληθῶν.

(boulēsis), will: wanting, based on correct reason; reasonable desire; natural desire, based on reason.

Βούλησις ἔφεσις μετὰ λόγου ὀρθοῦ· ὄρεξις εὔλογος· ὄρεξις μετὰ λόγου κατὰ φύσιν.

(sumbouleusis), consultation: advice to another person about conduct, how he should conduct himself.

Συμβούλευσις παραίνεσις ἑτέρῳ ὑπὲρ πράξεως, τίνα δεῖ τρόπον πράττειν.

(eukairia), good timing: hitting upon the right time to do something or have something done to one.

Εὐκαιρία χρόνου ἐπίτευξις, ἐν ᾧ χρὴ παθεῖν τι ἢ ποιῆσαι.

(eulabeia), caution: being on guard against what is bad; being sure to be on guard.

Εὐλάβεια φυλακὴ κακοῦ· ἐπιμέλεια φυλακῆς.

(taxis), order: functional similarity in all the mutual elements of a whole; due proportion in a society; cause of all the mutual elements of a whole; due proportion in respect of learning.⁸

Τάξις ἐργασίας ὁμοιότης τῶν πρὸς ἄλληλα πάντων ὄντων· συμμετρία κοινωνίας· αἰτία τῶν πρὸς ἄλληλα πάντων ὄντων συμμετρίας [πρὸς τὸ μαθεῖν].

(prosexis), attention: the effort the soul makes to learn something.

Πρόσεξις συντονία ψυχῆς πρὸς τὸ καταμαθεῖν.

(euphuïa), talent: speed in learning; good natural⁹ inheritance; natural virtue.

Εὐφυΐα τάχος μαθήσεως· γέννησις φυτῶν ἀγαθή· ἀρετὴ ἐν φύσει.

(eumatheia), cleverness: the mental talent to learn quickly.

Εὐμάθεια εὐφυΐα ψυχῆς πρὸς τάχος μαθήσεως.

Νόμος ἀπόφασις κυρία περὶ ἀμφισβητουμένου πράγματος.

(dikē), judgment, trial: authoritative declaration about a disputed matter; dispute¹⁰ about whether or not there has been injustice.

Δίκη ἀμφισβήτησις περὶ τοῦ ἀδικεῖν ἢ μή.

(eunomia), law-abidingness: obedience to good laws.

Εὐνομία πειθαρχία νόμων σπουδαίων.

(euphrosunē), cheerfulness: joy in doing what a temperate man does.

Εὐφροσύνη ἐπὶ τοῖς τοῦ σώφρονος ἔργοις χαρά.

(timē), honor: the gift of good things given for virtuous deeds; the dignity conferred by virtue; dignified bearing; the cultivation of one’s dignity.

Τιμὴ δόσις ἀγαθῶν ἐν ταῖς δι’ ἀρετὴν πράξεσιν διδομένων· ἀξίωμα ἀπ’ ἀρετῆς· σχῆμα σεμνότητος· τήρησις ἀξιώματος.

(prothumia), zeal: manifestation of an active will.

Προθυμία ἐμφανισμὸς προαιρέσεως πρακτικῆς.   

(charis), charity: voluntary beneficence; giving up something good which is of service at an opportune moment.

Χάρις εὐεργεσία ἑκούσιος· ἀπόδοσις ἀγαθοῦ ὑπουργίας ἐν καιρῷ.

(homonoia), concord: opinion shared between those who govern and those who are governed about how to govern and be governed.

Ὁμόνοια ὁμοδοξία ἀρχόντων καὶ ἀρχομένων ὡς δεῖ ἄρχειν καὶ ἄρχεσθαι.

(politeia), republic: community of many men, self-sufficient for living successfully; community of many under the ^[414] rule of law.

Πολιτεία κοινωνία πλήθους ἀνθρώπων αὐτάρκης πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν· κοινωνία πλήθους ἔννομος.

(pronoia), foresight, providence: preparation for some future event.

Πρόνοια παρασκευὴ πρὸς μέλλοντά τινα.

(boulē), deliberation: investigation about what would be beneficial in the future.

Βουλὴ σκέψις περὶ τῶν μελλόντων πῶς συμφέρει.

(nikē), victory: ability triumphant in a competition.

Νίκη δύναμις κρατητικὴ περὶ ἀγωνίαν.

(euporia), inventiveness: good judgment which triumphs over something said.

Εὐπορία εὐκρίνεια κρατητικὴ τοῦ λεγομένου.

(dōrea), gift: exchange of favors.

Δωρεὰ ἀλλαγὴ χάριτος.   

(kairos), opportunity: the ideal time for something beneficial; the time that contributes to obtaining something good.

Καιρὸς χρόνου ἀκμὴ πρὸς τὸ συμφέρον· χρόνος ἀγαθοῦ τινος συνεργός.

(mnēmē), memory: disposition of the soul which guards over the truth which resides in it.

Μνήμη διάθεσις ψυχῆς φυλακτικὴ τῆς ἐν αὐτῇ ὑπαρχούσης ἀληθείας.

(ennoia), reflection: intense thinking.

Ἔννοια συντονία διανοίας.   

(noēsis), intuition: the starting point of knowledge.

Νόησις ἀρχὴ ἐπιστήμης.

(hagneia), piety: caution about mistakes with respect to the gods; paying service, in a normal way, to the honor of a [b] god.

Ἁγνεία εὐλάβεια τῶν πρὸς τοὺς θεοὺς ἁμαρτημάτων· τῆς θεοῦ τιμῆς κατὰ φύσιν θεραπεία.

(manteia), divining: the knowledge which predicts events without proof.

Μαντεία ἐπιστήμη προδηλωτικὴ πράξεως ἄνευ ἀποδείξεως.

(mantikē), divination: the knowledge which contemplates the present and future of mortal beings.

Μαντικὴ ἐπιστήμη θεωρητικὴ τοῦ ὄντος καὶ μέλλοντος ζῴῳ θνητῷ.

(sophia), wisdom: non-hypothetical knowledge; knowledge of what always exists; knowledge which contemplates the cause of beings.

Σοφία ἐπιστήμη ἀνυπόθετος· ἐπιστήμη τῶν ἀεὶ ὄντων·ἐπιστήμη θεωρητικὴ τῆς τῶν ὄντων αἰτίας.

(philosophia), philosophy: desire for the knowledge of what always exists; the state which contemplates the truth, what makes it true; cultivation of the soul, based on correct reason.

Φιλοσοφία τῆς τῶν ὄντων ἀεὶ ἐπιστήμης ὄρεξις· ἕξις θεωρητικὴ τοῦ ἀληθοῦς, πῶς ἀληθές· ἐπιμέλεια ψυχῆς μετὰ λόγου ὀρθοῦ.

(epistēmē), knowledge: conception of the soul which cannot be dislodged by reasoning; ability to conceive one or more things which cannot be dislodged by reasoning; true argument which cannot be dislodged by thinking.

Ἐπιστήμη ὑπόληψις ψυχῆς ἀμετάπτωτος ὑπὸ λόγου· δύναμις ὑποληπτική τινος ἢ τινῶν ἀμετάπτωτος ὑπὸ λόγου· λόγος ἀληθὴς ἐπὶ διανοίᾳ ἀμετάπτωτος.

(doxa), opinion: conception which is open to persuasion by reason; fluctuation in reasoning; the thinking which is led by to the false as well as the true.

Δόξα ὑπόληψις μεταπειστὸς ὑπὸ λόγου· λογιστικὴ φορά· διάνοια ἐμπίπτουσα εἰς ψεῦδος καὶ ἀληθὲς ὑπὸ λόγου.

(aisthēsis), perception: fluctuation in the soul; movement of the mind via the body;11 announcement for the benefit of human beings, from which arises a non-rational ability in the soul to recognize things through the body.

Αἴσθησις ψυχῆς φορά· νοῦ κίνησις· ψυχῆς διὰ σώματος εἰσάγγελσις εἰς ὥρας ἀνθρώπων, ἀφ’ ἧς γίγνεται ψυχῆς ἄλογος δύναμις γνωριστικὴ διὰ σώματος.

(hexis), state: disposition of the soul on account of which people are said to be of a [d] certain sort.

Ἕξις διάθεσις ψυχῆς καθ’ ἣν ποιοί τινες λεγόμεθα.

(phōnē), voiced sound: an emission of thought through the mouth.

Φωνὴ ῥεῦμα διὰ στόματος ἀπὸ διανοίας.

(logos), speech: voice articulated in letters capable of indicating each existing thing; linguistic sound compounded of nouns and verbs, without music.

Λόγος φωνὴ ἐγγράμματος, φραστικὴ ἑκάστου τῶν ὄντων· διάλεκτος συνθετὴ ἐξ ὀνομάτων καὶ ῥημάτων ἄνευ μέλους.

(onoma), noun: uncompounded linguistic sound expressing both what is predicated in the essence and everything which is not said of a thing in its own right.

Ὄνομα διάλεκτος ἀσύνθετος ἑρμηνευτικὴ τοῦ τε κατὰ τῆς οὐσίας κατηγορουμένου καὶ παντὸς τοῦ μὴ καθ’ ἑαυτοῦ   λεγομένου.

(dialektos), language, linguistic expression: human sound with letters; a common sign which is expressive, without music.

Διάλεκτος φωνὴ ἀνθρώπου ἐγγράμματος· καὶ σημεῖόν τι κοινὸν ἑρμηνευτικὸν ἄνευ μέλους.

(sullabē), syllable: articulaction of the human voice that can be written.

Συλλαβὴ ἀνθρωπίνης φωνῆς ἄρθρον ἐγγράμματον.

(horos), definition: something said, comprised of genus and differentia.

Ὅρος λόγος ἐκ διαφορᾶς καὶ γένους συγκείμενος.

(tekmērion), evidence: proof of the non-evident.

Τεκμήριον ἀπόδειξις ἀφανοῦς.

(apodeixis), proof: true argument reasoning to a conclusion; argument that declares something through what is previously known.

Ἀπόδειξις λόγος συλλογιστικὸς ἀληθής· λόγος ἐμφανι- στικὸς διὰ προγιγνωσκομένων.

(stoicheion phōnēs), element of voiced sound: uncompounded voiced sound, the reason that the other voiced sounds are voiced sounds.

Στοιχεῖον φωνῆς φωνὴ ἀσύνθετος, αἰτία ταῖς ἄλλαις φωναῖς τοῦ φωνὰς εἶναι.

(ōphelimon), utility: what causes something to be well off; what causes good.

Ὠφέλιμον τὸ αἴτιον τοῦ εὖ πάσχειν· τὸ αἴτιον ἀγαθοῦ.

(sumpheron), beneficial: what conduces to the good.

Συμφέρον τὸ εἰς ἀγαθὸν φέρον.

(agathon), good: what causes the preservation of beings; the cause toward which everything tends, from which is derived what should be chosen.

[Καλὸν τὸ ἀγαθόν.] Ἀγαθὸν τὸ αἴτιον σωτηρίας τοῖς οὖσιν· τὸ αἴτιον παντὸς τοῦ πρὸς αὑτό, ἀφ’ οὗ συμβαίνει ἃ χρὴ αἱρεῖσθαι.   

(sōphron), self-controlled: being orderly in the soul.

Σῶφρον τὸ κόσμιον τῆς ψυχῆς.

(dikaion), just: prescription of law which produces justice. ^[415]

Δίκαιον νόμου τάγμα ποιητικὸν δικαιοσύνης.

(hekousion), voluntary: what produces its own action; what is chosen for itself; what is achieved with thinking.

Ἑκούσιον τὸ αὑτοῦ προσαγωγόν· τὸ καθ’ αὑτὸ αἱρετὸν κατὰ διάνοιαν ἀποτελούμενον.

(eleutheron), free: what rules itself.

Ἐλεύθερον τὸ ἄρχον αὑτοῦ.

(metrion), moderate: in between excess and insufficiency, satisfying the strictures of skill.

Μέτριον τὸ μέσον ὑπερβολῆς καὶ ἐλλείψεως καὶ κατὰ τέχνην ἀρκοῦν.   

(metron), measure: the mean between excess and insufficiency.

Μέτρον τὸ μέσον ὑπερβολῆς καὶ ἐλλείψεως.

(athlon aretēs), prize of virtue: the reward worth choosing for its own sake.

Ἆθλον ἀρετῆς γέρας τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ἕνεκα αἱρετόν.

(athanasia), immortality: the eternal duration of a living substance.

Ἀθανασία οὐσία ἔμψυχος καὶ ἀίδιος μονή.

(hosion), holy: service to a god which is agreeable to the god.

Ὅσιον θεράπευμα θεοῦ ἀρεστὸν θεῷ.

(heortē), festival: time that is sacred by law.

Ἑορτὴ χρόνος ἱερὸς κατὰ νόμους.

(anthrōpos), man: wingless, two-footed, flat-fingernailed animal; the only being capable of acquiring [b] rational knowledge.

Ἄνθρωπος ζῷον ἄπτερον, δίπουν, πλατυώνυχον· ὃ μόνον τῶν ὄντων ἐπιστήμης τῆς κατὰ λόγους δεκτικόν ἐστιν.

(thusia), sacrifice: offering of a victim to a god.

Θυσία θεῷ δόμα θύματος.

(euchē), prayer: request by men to the gods for what is good or seems good.

Εὐχὴ αἴτησις ἀνθρώποις ἀγαθῶν ἢ δοκούντων παρὰ θεῶν.

(basileus), king: an officer who is legally beyond accountability; an officer of a political organization.

Βασιλεὺς ἄρχων κατὰ νόμους ἀνυπεύθυνος· πολιτικῆς κατασκευῆς ἄρχων.

(archē), command: being in charge of everything.

Ἀρχὴ ἐπιμέλεια τοῦ παντός.

(exousia), legal authority: power granted by law.

Ἐξουσία ἐπιτροπὴ νόμου.

(nomothetēs), lawgiver: the maker of the laws under which a city is to be governed.

Νομοθέτης ποιητὴς νόμων καθ’ οὓς δεῖ πολιτεύεσθαι.

(nomos), law: political judgment of many people, not limited to a certain time.

Νόμος δόγμα πλήθους πολιτικὸν οὐκ εἴς τινα χρόνον ἀφωρισμένον.

(hypothesis), hypothesis: indemonstrable first principle; summary of the principal points in a discourse.

Ὑπόθεσις ἀρχὴ ἀναπόδεικτος· συγκεφαλαίωσις λόγου.   

(psēphisma), decree: political judgment limited to a certain time.

Ψήφισμα δόγμα πολιτικὸν εἴς τινα χρόνον ἀφωρισμένον.

(politikos), statesman: one who knows how to organize a city.

Πολιτικὸς ἐπιστήμων πόλεως κατασκευῆς.

(polis), city-state: the place of residence of a number of men who follow decisions made in being under the same law.

Πόλις οἴκησις πλήθους ἀνθρώπων κοινοῖς δόγμασιν χρω- μένων· πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων ὑπὸ νόμον τὸν αὐτὸν ὄντων.

(poleōs aretē), virtue of a city: the establishment of a good constitution.

Πόλεως ἀρετὴ κατάστασις ὀρθῆς πολιτείας.

(polemikē), military skill: having experience of war.

Πολεμικὴ ἐμπειρία πολέμου.

(summachia), military alliance: community of warring parties.

Συμμαχία κοινωνία πολέμου.

(sōtēria), preservation: keeping safe and sound.

Σωτηρία περιποίησις ἀβλαβής.

(turannos), dictator: an officer of a city who rules according to his own ideas.

Τύραννος ἄρχων πόλεως κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ διάνοιαν.

(sophistēs), sophist: paid hunter of rich and distinguished young men.

Σοφιστὴς νέων πλουσίων ἐνδόξων ἔμμισθος θηρευτής.

(ploutos), wealth: having sufficient possessions to live happily; an abundance of property which conduces to happiness.

Πλοῦτος κτῆσις σύμμετρος πρὸς εὐδαιμονίαν· περιουσία χρημάτων εἰς εὐδαιμονίαν συντεινόντων.

(parakatathēkē), deposit: something given on trust.

Παρακαταθήκη δόμα μετὰ πίστεως.

(katharsis), purification: the separation of the worse from the better.

Κάθαρσις ἀπόκρισις χειρόνων ἀπὸ βελτιόνων.

(nikan), being victorious: prevailing in a conflict.

Νικᾶν κρατεῖν διαφερόμενον.

(agathos anthrōpos), good person: the sort of person who can achieve what is good for a human being.

Ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ὁ τοιοῦτος οἷος ἀνθρώπῳ τἀγαθὰ ἐπιτελεῖν.

(sōphrōn), self-controlled: person having moderate desires.

Σώφρων ὁ μετρίας ἐπιθυμίας ἔχων.

(enkratēs), self-restrained: one who overpowers the parts of the soul when they are contrary to right reason.

Ἐγκρατὴς ὁ κρατῶν ἀντιτεινόντων τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς μορίων τῷ ὀρθῷ λογισμῷ.   

(spoudaios), excellent: he who is completely good; he who has the virtue proper to human [e] beings.

Σπουδαῖος ὁ τελείως ἀγαθός· ὁ ἔχων τὴν αὑτοῦ ἀρετήν.

(sunnoia), worry: an irrational and disturbing thought.

Σύννοια διάνοια μετὰ λύπης ἄνευ λόγου.

(dusmathia), stupidity: slowness in learning.

Δυσμαθία βραδυτὴς ἐν μαθήσει.

(despoteia), rule over slaves: just authority which is accountable to nobody.

Δεσποτεία ἀρχὴ ἀνυπεύθυνος δικαία.

(aphilosophia), lack of philosophy: the state whose possessor is a hater of argument.

Ἀφιλοσοφία ἕξις καθ’ ἣν ὁ ἔχων μισολόγος ἐστίν.

(phobos), fear: consternation of the soul in expectation of something bad.

Φόβος ἔκπληξις ψυχῆς ἐπὶ κακοῦ προσδοκίᾳ.

(thumos), passion: forceful impulse of the non-rational part of the soul, without being disordered by reasoning and thought.

Θυμὸς ὁρμὴ βίαιος ἄνευ λογισμοῦ †νοῦς τάξεως ψυχῆς ἀλογίστου.

(ekplēxis), consternation: fear in the expectation of something bad.

Ἔκπληξις φόβος ἐπὶ προσδοκίᾳ κακοῦ.

(kolakeia), flattery: keeping company for the sake of pleasure, without considering what is best; the state of socializing for pleasure in excess of what is moderate.

Κολακεία ὁμιλία ἡ πρὸς ἡδονὴν ἄνευ τοῦ βελτίστου· ἕξις ὁμιλητικὴ πρὸς ἡδονὴν ὑπερβάλλουσα τὸ μέτριον.   

(orgē), anger: the urging of the passionate part of the soul for vengeance.

Ὀργὴ παράκλησις τοῦ θυμικοῦ εἰς τὸ τιμωρεῖσθαι.

(hubris), assault: injustice driving one to dishonor ^[416] someone.

Ὕβρις ἀδικία πρὸς ἀτιμίαν φέρουσα.

(akrasia), lack of self-restraint: the violent state, without correct reasoning, which is oriented towards what seems to be pleasant.

Ἀκρασία ἕξις βιαστικὴ παρὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λογισμὸν πρὸς τὰ δοκοῦντα ἡδέα εἶναι.

(oknos), laziness: running away from labor; cowardice which paralyzes impulses.

Ὄκνος φυγὴ πόνων· δειλία ἀντιληπτικὴ ὁρμῆς.

(archē), origin: first cause of being.

Ἀρχὴ πρώτη τοῦ εἶναι αἰτία.

(diabolē), slander: the alienation of friends by speech.

Διαβολὴ διάστασις φίλων λόγῳ.

(kairos), opportunity: the time it is appropriate to do each thing or undergo it.

Καιρὸς ἐν ᾧ ἕκαστον ἐπιτήδειον παθεῖν ἢ ποιῆσαι.

(adikia), injustice: the state of despising the laws.

Ἀδικία ἕξις ὑπεροπτικὴ νόμων.

(endeia), poverty: being short of goods.

Ἔνδεια ἐλάττωσις τῶν ἀγαθῶν.

(aischunē), shame: fear in expectation of bad reputation.

Αἰσχύνη φόβος ἐπὶ προσδοκίᾳ ἀδοξίας.

(alazoneia), pretentiousness: the state which makes those who lack a good or goods pretend to have it or them.

Ἀλαζονεία ἕξις προσποιητικὴ ἀγαθοῦ ἢ ἀγαθῶν τῶν μὴ   ὑπαρχόντων.

(hamartia), error: an action against correct reasoning.

Ἁμαρτία πρᾶξις παρὰ τὸν ὀρθὸν λογισμόν.

(phthonos), envy: being distressed by the goods of one’s friends, either present or past.

Φθόνος λύπη ἐπὶ φίλων ἀγαθοῖς ἢ οὖσιν ἢ γεγενημένοις.

(anaischuntia), shamelessness: the state of the soul which endures dishonor for the sake of profit.

Ἀναισχυντία ἕξις ψυχῆς ὑπομενητικὴ ἀδοξίας ἕνεκα κέρδους.

(thrasutēs), temerity: excessive boldness in face of dangers which one should not face.

Θρασύτης ὑπερβολὴ θράσους πρὸς φόβους οὓς μὴ δεῖ.

(philotimia), vanity: the state of the soul which is lavish with every expense without thinking.

Φιλοτιμία ἕξις ψυχῆς προετικὴ πάσης δαπάνης ἄνευ λογισμοῦ.

(kakophuïa), bad nature: badness in nature and an error of what is natural; disease of what is natural.

Κακοφυΐα κακία ἐν φύσει καὶ ἁμαρτία τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν· νόσος τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν.

(elpis), hope: the expectation of good.

Ἐλπὶς προσδοκία ἀγαθοῦ.

(mania), madness: the state which is destructive of true conception.

Μανία ἕξις φθαρτικὴ ἀληθοῦς ὑπολήψεως.

(lalia), talkativeness: irrational lack of self-restraint in speech.

Λαλιὰ ἀκρασία λόγου ἄλογος.

(enantiotēs), contrariety: the greatest distance between objects of the same genus which fall under some difference.

Ἐναντιότης τῶν ὑπὸ τὸ αὐτὸ γένος κατά τινα διαφορὰν πιπτόντων ἡ πλείστη διάστασις.    

(akousion), involuntary: what is accomplished without thinking.

Ἀκούσιον τὸ παρὰ διάνοιαν ἀποτελούμενον.

(paideia), education: the ability that is of service to the soul.

Παιδεία δύναμις θεραπευτικὴ ψυχῆς.

(paideusis), educating: bestowing education.

Παίδευσις παιδείας παράδοσις.

(nomothetikē), legislative skill: knowledge of how to produce a good city.

Νομοθετικὴ ἐπιστήμη ποιητικὴ πόλεως ἀγαθῆς.

(nouthetēsis), admonition: speech which blames with judgment; speech for the sake of keeping someone from a mistake.

Νουθέτησις λόγος ἐπιτιμητικὸς ἀπὸ γνώμης· λόγος    ἁμαρτίας ἀποτροπῆς ἕνεκεν.

(boētheia), help: the prevention of something bad, either present or about to happen.

Βοήθεια κακοῦ κώλυσις ὄντος ἢ γινομένου.

(kolasis), chastisement: treatment given to a soul concerning a past mistake.

Κόλασις ψυχῆς θεραπεία ἐπὶ ἁμαρτήματι γενομένῳ.

(dunamis), ability: superiority in word or deed; the state which makes its possessor be able; natural strength.

Δύναμις ὑπεροχὴ ἐν πράξει ἢ ἐν λόγῳ· ἕξις καθ’ ἣν τὸ ἔχον δυνατόν ἐστιν· ἰσχὺς κατὰ φύσιν.

(sōizein), save: to keep safe and sound.

Σῴζειν τὸ περιποιεῖν ἀβλαβῆ.