PRELIMINARY NOTE
During its 9th Quinquennium, the
International Theological Commission
undertook a study of synodality in the life and mission of the Church. The work
was carried out by a specific sub-committee, whose president was Mgr. Mario
Ángel Flores Ramos and whose members were Sr. Prudence Allen RSM, Sr. Alenka Arko of the Loyola Community, Mgr. Antonio Luiz Catelan Ferreira, Mgr. Piero Coda, Rev. Carlos María Galli, Rev. Gaby Alfred Hachem, Prof. Héctor Gustavo Sánchez Rojas SCV, Rev. Nicholaus Segeja M’hela and Fr. Gerard Francisco Timoner III OP.
General discussions on this theme took place during the meetings of the
sub-committee and during the Plenary Sessions of the Commission itself, held
between 2014 and 2017. The present text was approved by the majority of the
members of the Commission during its 2017 Plenary Session, by means of a written
vote. It was later approved by the President, His Eminence Cardinal Luis F. Ladaria S.J., Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, who
authorised its publication on 2nd March 2018, after receiving a
favourable response from Pope Francis.
INTRODUCTION
THE KAIRÓS OF SYNODALITY
1. “It is precisely this path of synodality which God expects of the Church of
the third millennium”[1]: this programmatic commitment was made by
Pope Francis at the commemoration of
the 50th anniversary of the institution of the Synod of Bishops by
Blessed Paul VI. He stressed that, in fact, synodality “is an essential
dimension of the Church”, in the sense that “what the Lord is asking of us is
already in some sense present in the very word 'synod’”[2].
2. This document is meant to offer some useful guidelines for going
deeper into the theological sense of this promise and some pastoral orientations about what it implies for the Church’s mission. The Introduction indicates
the etymological and conceptual data required for a preliminary clarification of
the content and use of the word ‘synodality’; it then puts into context what a
momentous and new teaching the Magisterium has offered us on this subject in the
wake of Vatican II.
Synod, Council, Synodality
3. “Synod” is an ancient and venerable word in the Tradition of the Church, whose
meaning draws on the deepest themes of Revelation. Composed of a preposition συν
(with) and the noun όδός (path), it indicates the path along which the People of
God walk together. Equally, it refers to the Lord Jesus, who presents Himself as
“the way, the truth and the life” (Jn 14,6), and to the fact that
Christians, His followers, were originally called “followers of the Way” (cf.
Acts 9,2; 19,9.23; 22,4; 24,14.22).
In ecclesiastical Greek it expresses how the disciples of Jesus were called
together as an assembly and in some cases it is a synonym for the ecclesial
community[3]. Saint John Chrysostom, for example, writes that the Church is a “name standing
for 'walking together’ (σύνοδος)"[4]. He explains that the Church is actually the assembly convoked to give God
thanks and glory like a choir, a harmonic reality which holds everything
together (σύστημα), since, by their reciprocal and ordered relations, those who
compose it converge in αγάπη and όμονοία (common mind).
4. Since the first centuries, the word “synod” has been applied, with a specific
meaning, to the ecclesial assemblies convoked on various levels (diocesan,
provincial, regional, patriarchal or universal) to discern, by the light of the
Word of God and listening to the Holy Spirit, the doctrinal, liturgical,
canonical and pastoral questions that arise as time goes by.
The Greek σύνοδος is translated into Latin as synodus or concilium.
Concilium, in its profane use, refers to an assembly convoked by some
legitimate authority. Although the roots of “synod” and “council” are different,
their meanings converge. In fact, “council” enriches the semantic content of “synod” by its reference to the
Hebrew קָהָל(qahal), the assembly convoked by the Lord, and its translation into Greek as
έκκλησία, which, in the New Testament, refers to the eschatological convocation
of the People of God in Christ Jesus.
In the Catholic Church the distinction between the use of the words “council”
and “synod” is a recent one. In
Vatican II they are synonymous, both referring
to the council session[5]. A precise distinction was introduced by the Codex Iuris Canonici of the
Latin Church (1983), which distinguishes between a particular (plenary or
provincial) Council[6] and an ecumenical Council[7] on the one hand, and a Synod of Bishops[8] and a diocesan Synod[9] on the other hand[10].
5. In the theological, canonical and pastoral literature of recent decades, a
neologism has appeared, the noun “synodality”, a correlate of the adjective
“synodal”, with both of these deriving from the word “synod”. Thus people speak
of synodality as a “constitutive dimension” of the Church or tout court of the “synodal Church”. This linguistic novelty, which needs careful
theological clarification, is a sign of something new that has been maturing in
the ecclesial consciousness starting from the Magisterium of
Vatican II, and
from the lived experience of local Churches and the universal Church since the
last Council until today.
Communion, synodality, collegiality
6. Although synodality is not explicitly found as a term or as a concept
in the teaching of
Vatican II, it is fair to say that synodality is at the heart
of the work of renewal the Council was encouraging.
The ecclesiology of the People of God stresses the common dignity and mission of
all the baptised, in exercising the variety and ordered richness of their
charisms, their vocations and their ministries. In this context the concept of
communion expresses the profound substance of the mystery and mission of the
Church, whose source and summit is the Eucharistic synaxis[11]. This is the res of the
Sacramentum Ecclesiae: union with God the Trinity and unity between human persons, made real
through the Holy Spirit in Christ Jesus[12].
In this ecclesiologicalcontext, synodality is the specific
modus vivendi et operandi of the Church, the People of God, which reveals and gives substance to her
being as communion when all her members journey together, gather in assembly and
take an active part in her evangelising mission.
7. While the concept of synodality refers to the involvement and participation of
the whole People of God in the life and mission of the Church, the concept of
collegiality defines the theological significance and the form of a) the
exercise of the ministry of Bishops in the service of the local Church entrusted
to the care of each of them, and b) of the communion between local Churches at
the heart of the one universal Church of Christ, brought about by means of the
hierarchical communion of the College of Bishops with the Bishop of Rome.
Collegiality is thus the specific form in which ecclesial synodality is
manifested and made real through the ministry of Bishops on the level of
communion of the local Churches in a region, and on the level of communion of
all the Churches in the universal Church. An authentic manifestation of
synodality naturally entails the exercise of the collegial ministry of the
Bishops.
A new threshold in the wake of Vatican II
8. The fruits of the renewal promised by
Vatican II in its promotion of
ecclesial communion, episcopal collegiality and thinking and acting ‘synodally’
have been rich and precious. There is, however, still a long way to go in the
direction mapped out by the Council[13]. In fact, today the drive to find an appropriate form for a synodal Church –
although it is widely shared and has been put into practice in positive ways –
seems to be in need of clear theological principles and decisive pastoral
orientations.
9. Hence the new threshold that
Pope Francis invites us to cross. In the wake of
Vatican II, following in his predecessors footsteps, he insists that synodality
describes the shape of the Church that emerges from the Gospel of Jesus, which
is called to become incarnate today in history, in creative fidelity to
Tradition.
In conformity with the teaching of
Lumen Gentium, Pope Francis remarks in particular that synodality "offers us the most
appropriate framework for understanding the hierarchical ministry itself”[14] and that, based on the doctrine of the
sensus fidei fidelium[15], all members of the Church are agents of evangelisation[16]. Consequently making a synodal Church a reality is an indispensable
precondition for a new missionary energy that will involve the entire People of
God.
Besides, synodality is at the heart of the ecumenical commitment of Christians:
because it represents an invitation to walk together on the path towards full
communion and because – when it is understood correctly – it offers a way of
understanding and experiencing the Church where legitimate differences find room
in the logic of a reciprocal exchange of gifts in the light of truth.
The aim and structure of the document
10. In its first two chapters, this document offers to respond to the need
to go deeper into the theological meaning of synodality along the lines of
Catholic ecclesiology, in harmony with the teaching of
Vatican II. In the first,
we return to the normative sources of Sacred Scripture and Tradition to
elucidate how the synodal image of the Church has its roots in the way
Revelation has unfolded throughout history and to point out the fundamental
connotations and specific theological criteria that define the concept and
indicate how it can be put into practice.
The second chapter puts forward the theologal foundations of synodality in
conformity with the ecclesiological doctrine of
Vatican II, linking them with
the perspective of the pilgrim and missionary People of God and with the mystery
of Church as communion, in relation to the Church’s distinctive characteristics: unity, holiness, Catholicity and apostolicity. Lastly it goes
into the link between the participation of all the members of the People of God
in the mission of the Church and the exercise of authority by their Pastors.
On this basis, the third and fourth chapters are meant to suggest some pastoral
orientations: the third chapter concerns the practical question of 'making
synodality happen' on all levels, in the local Church, in the communion between
local Churches in a region, in the universal Church; the fourth chapter refers
to spiritual and pastoral conversion and to the communal and apostolic
discernment that are necessary for an authentic synodal experience of Church,
with an appreciation of its positive effects on ecumenism and on the social
diakonia of the Church.
CHAPTER 1
SYNODALITY IN SCRIPTURE, IN TRADITION AND IN HISTORY
11. The normative sources for the synodal life of the Church in Scripture and
Tradition show that at the heart of God’s plan of salvation the whole human
race’s call to union with God and unity in Him is fulfilled in Jesus Christ and
brought about through the ministry of the Church. They offer the guidelines we
need to discern the theological principles which must animate and regulate
synodal life, its structures, its processes and the events it will involve. On
this basis it is possible to trace the forms of synodality developed in the
Church in the course of the First Millennium and then, in the Second Millennium,
in the Catholic Church, keeping in mind some aspects of the synodal practice of
other Churches and Ecclesial Communities.
1.1 The teaching of Scripture
12. The Old Testament shows that God created the human person, man and woman, in
his image and likeness as a social being called to work with Him by moving
forward in the sign of communion, by caring for the universe and directing it
towards its goal (Genesis 1,26-28). From the beginning, sin plagues God’s
plan, tearing apart the network of ordered relationships which expressed truth,
goodness and the beauty of creation, and blinding men’s and women’s hearts to
their calling. God, however, rich in mercy, confirms and renews His covenant to
bring all that has been scattered back to the path of unity, healing human
freedom and directing it to welcome and live the gift of union with God and
unity with our brothers and sisters in creation, our common home (e.g. Genesis 9,8-17; 15; 17; Exodus 19-24; 2 Samuel
7,11).
13. In carrying out His plan, God convokes Abraham and his descendants (cf.
Genesis 12,1-3; 17,1-5; 22,16-18). This assembly (קָחַל/עֵדה - the first term often being translated into Greek as έκκλησία), ratified
in the Sinai covenant (cf. Exodus 24,6-8; 34,20ff), makes the People
freed from slavery important and worthy to speak to God; in the exodus journey
they gather around their God to celebrate His cult and live by His law,
recognising that they belong to Him alone (cf. Deuteronomy 5,1-22;
Joshua 8; Nehemiah 8,1-18).
קָחַל/עֵדה (qahal /‘edah)is the first form in which the People of God’s synodal vocation is disclosed. In
the desert, God orders the census of the tribes of Israel, giving each its place
(cf. Numbers 1-2). At the centre of the assembly, as its only guide and
shepherd, is the Lord, who becomes present through the ministry of Moses (cf.
Numbers 12; 15-16; Joshua 8,30-35), with whom others are associated
in a subordinate and 'collegial' way: the Judges (cf. Exodus 18,25-26),
the Elders (cf. Numbers 11,16-17.24-30), and Levites (cf. Numbers
1,50-51). The assembly of the People of God consists not only of men (cf.
Exodus 24,7-8) but also women and children and even foreigners (cf.
Joshua 8,33.35). It is the partner convoked by the Lord every time He renews
His covenant (cf. Deuteronomy 27-28; Joshua 24; 2 Kings 23;
Nehemiah 8).
14. The message of the Prophets teaches the People of God the need to journey
through the hardships of history in faithfulness to the covenant. That is why
the Prophets invite them to conversion of their hearts to God and to
justice in their relationships with their neighbours, often the poorest, the
oppressed, foreigners, as a tangible witness to God’s mercy (cf. Jeremiah
37,21; 38,1).
For that to happen, God promises to give them a new heart and spirit (cf.
Ezekiel 11,10), and to open before His People the way to a new Exodus (cf.
Jeremiah 37-38): then He will set out a new covenant, engraved no longer on
stone tablets but on their hearts (cf. Jeremiah 31,31-34). It will open
out to universal horizons, since the Servant of the Lord will gather together
the nations (cf. Isaiah 53), and it will be sealed by the outpouring of
the Spirit of the Lord on all the members of His People (cf. Joel 3,1-4).
15. God achieves the new covenant He has promised in Jesus of Nazareth, Messiah
and Lord, whose kérygma, life and person reveal that God is a communion
of love who, in His grace and mercy, wishes to embrace the whole of humanity in
unity. Jesus is the Son of God, destined from eternity to love the Father’s
heart (cf. John 1,1.18), made man in the fullness of time (cf. John
1,14; Galatians 4,4) to bring to fulfilment God’s plan of salvation (cf.
John 8,29; 6,39; 5,22.27). He never acts alone, and in all things does the
will of the Father: the Father dwells in Him and carries out His work through
the Son He has sent into the world (cf. John 14,10).
The Father’s plan is fulfilled eschatologically in the Paschal Mystery, when
Jesus gives His life to take it up again in the resurrection (cf. John
10,17) and to share it with His disciples as sons and daughters, sisters and
brothers in the outpouring "without reserve" of the Holy Spirit (cf. John
3,34). The Paschal Mystery of Jesus is the new exodus, which gathers in unity
(συναγάγη είς έν) all who by faith believe in Him (cf. John 11,52), whom
He conforms to Himself by Baptism and the Eucharist. The work of salvation is
the unity for which Jesus implored the Father just before His Passion: "May they
all be one, Father, just as, Father, you are in me and I am in you, so that they
also may be in us so that the world may believe it was you who sent me" (cf.
John 17,21).
16. Jesus is the pilgrim who proclaims the good news of the Kingdom of God (cf.
Luke 4,14-15; 8,1; 9,57; 13,22; 19,11), teaches "the way of God" (cf. Luke
20,21) and points the way to it (Luke 9,51-19,28). In fact, He Himself
is "the way" (cf. John 14,6) that leads to the Father; in the
Holy Spirit (cf. John 16,13) He shares with everyone the truth and love
of communion with God and our sisters and brothers. Living communion according
to the standard of Jesus’ new commandment means walking together in history as
the People of God of the new covenant, in a way that fits the gift received (cf.
John 15,12-15). In his account of the disciples at Emmaus, Luke gives us a
living icon of the Church as People of God, guided on its way by the risen Lord,
who lights it up by His Word and feeds it with the Bread of Life (cf. Luke
24,13-35).
17. The New Testament uses a specific term to express the power Jesus received
from the Father to grant salvation, which He exercises over all creatures in the
power (δύναμις) of the Holy Spirit: έξουσία (authority). It consists in
imparting the grace that makes us "children of God" (cf. John 1,12). The
Apostles receive this έξουσία from the risen Lord, who sends them to teach the
nations by baptising them in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy
Spirit, and by teaching them to observe all He has commanded (cf. Matthew
28,19-20). By virtue of baptism, every member of the People of God is given a
share in this authority, having received the "anointing of the Holy Spirit" (cf.
1 John 2,20.27), having been taught by God (cf. John 6,45) and having
been guided "to the complete truth" (cf. John 16,13).
18. The Lord’s έξουσία is expressed in the Church through the variety of spiritual
gifts (τα πνευματικά) or charisms (τα χαρίσματα) the Spirit shares out among the
People of God for the upbuilding of the one Body of Christ. In exercising them
we need to respect an objective τάξις, so that they can develop in harmony and
bear the fruit they are meant to bear for the good of all (cf. 1 Corinthians
12,28-30; Ephesians 4,11-13). The Apostles have the first place among
them - with a special and pre-eminent role being attributed by Jesus to Simon
Peter (cf. Matthew 16,18f., John 21,15ff.): they, in fact, are
entrusted with the ministry of guiding the Church in fidelity to the
depositum fidei (1 Timothy 6,20; 2 Timothy 1,12.14). But the
term χάρισμα also evokes the gratuitous and varying character of the free
initiative of the Spirit, who grants each one his or her own gift with a view to
the general good (cf. 1 Corinthians 12,4-11; 29-30; Ephesians
4,7), always in terms of mutual submission and service (cf. 1 Corinthians
12,25): since the highest gift, the one that regulates them all, is love (cf.
1 Corinthians 12,31).
19. The Acts of the Apostles document some important moments along the path
of the Apostolic Church when the People of God is called as a community to
discern the will of the risen Lord. The leading figure who guides the way and
gives direction is the Holy Spirit, poured out on the Church on the day of
Pentecost (cf. Acts 2,2-3). The disciples, in carrying out their various
roles, have the responsibility of listening to the Spirit’s voice and discerning
the way to go (cf. Acts 5,19-21; 8,26.29.39; 12,6-17; 13.1-3;
16,6-7.9-10; 20,22). Good examples are: the choice of "seven men of good
reputation, filled with the Spirit and with wisdom", who were entrusted by the
Apostles with the task of "giving out food" (cf. Acts 6,1-6); and the
discernment of the crucial question of the mission to the Gentiles (cf. Acts
10).
20. This question is dealt with in what tradition has called 'the apostolic
Council of Jerusalem" (cf. Acts 15, and also Galatians 2,1-10).
There we can see a synodal event coming into being, in which the apostolic
Church, in a decisive moment of its development, lives out its vocation in view
of its mission, enlightened by the presence of the risen Lord. Across the
centuries, this event has been interpreted as the paradigm for Synods celebrated
by the Church.
The account gives a precise description of the unfolding of the event. In view
of the important and controversial question facing them, the community at
Antioch decides to consult "the Apostles and Elders" (15,2) of the Church in
Jerusalem, and sends Paul and Barnabas there. The community in Jerusalem, the
Apostles and the Elders promptly meet (15,4) to examine the situation. Paul and
Barnabas explain what has happened. A lively and open discussion follows
(έκζητήσωσιν: 15,7a). They listen particularly to Peter’s authoritative witness
and profession of faith (15,7b-12).
James interprets what happened in the light of prophecy (cf. Amos
9,11-12; Acts 15,14-18), which asserts God’s universal saving will, and
that He has chosen "a people… out of the gentiles" (έξ έθνων λαόν: 15,14), and
he formulates his decision giving some rules of behaviour (15,19-21). His speech
shows a vision of the Church’s mission that is firmly grounded in God’s plan,
but at the same time is open to Him making Himself present in the gradual
unfolding of the history of salvation. Eventually they choose some
representatives to take the letter that explains the decision taken and
prescribes the procedure to be followed (15,23-39); the letter is delivered and
read to the community in Antioch, who receive it gladly (15,30-31).
21. Everyone plays an active part, though with varied roles and contributions. The
question is presented to the whole Church in Jerusalem (παν τὸ πληθος: 15,12), which is present throughout and involved in the final
decision (έδοξε τοις άποστολόις καί τοις πρεσβυτέροις σύν όλη τη έκκησία:
15,22). But in the first instance those consulted are the Apostles (Peter and
James each give a speech) and the Elders, who exercise their specific ministry
with authority.
The decision is taken by James, who guides the Church in Jerusalem, by virtue of
the action of the Holy Spirit, who guides the Church along its path by
guaranteeing its fidelity to the Gospel of Jesus: "It has been decided by the
Holy Spirit and by ourselves" (15,28). It is received and adopted by the whole
assembly in Jerusalem (15,22) and then by the assembly in Antioch (15,30-31).
By all listening to the Holy Spirit through the witness given of God’s action
and by each giving his own judgment, initially divergent opinions move towards
the consensus and unanimity (όμοθυμαδόν: cf. 15.25) that are the fruit of
communal discernment that serve the evangelising mission of the Church.
22. The way the Council of Jerusalem was handled is a real-life demonstration of
the fact that the way the People of God moves forward is something orderly and
well thought out, where each person has a specific position and role (cf. 1
Corinthians 12,12-17; Romans 12,4-5; Ephesians 4,4).
The apostle Paul, in the light of the eucharistic synaxis, evokes the image of
the Church as the Body of Christ, in order to explain both the unity of the
organism and the diversity of its members. Just as in the human body all the
members are necessary in their specific way, in the same way in the Church all
have the same dignity by virtue of Baptism (cf. Galatians 3,28; 1
Corinthians 12,13) and all must all make their contribution to carry out the
plan of salvation "according to the measure of Christ’s gift” (Ephesians
4,7).
So all are equally responsible for the life and mission of the community and all
are called to work in accordance with the law of mutual solidarity in respect of
their specific ministries and charisms, inasmuch as every one of them finds his
or her energy in the one Lord (cf. 1 Corinthians 15,45).
23. The end-point of the journey of the People of God is the new Jerusalem,
enveloped by the radiant splendour of God’s glory, where the heavenly liturgy is
celebrated. There the book of the Apocalypse contemplates "a Lamb
standing that seemed to have been sacrificed" which, by its blood, has ransomed
for God "people of every race, language, people and nation" and has made them "a
line of kings and priests for God, to rule the world"; the angels and "ten
thousand times ten thousand of them and thousands upon thousands" take part in
the heavenly liturgy with all creatures in heaven and on the earth (cf.
Apocalypse 5,6.9.11.13). Later the promise which holds the deepest meaning
of God’s saving plan will be fulfilled: "Here God lives among human beings. He
will make His home among them; they will be His people, and He will be their
God, 'God-with-them'" (Apocalypse 21,3).
1.2 The witness of the Fathers and Tradition in the First Millennium
24. Persevering along the road to unity across places, cultures, situations and
generations is the challenge to which the People is called to respond in faith
to the Gospel, and sowing the seed of the Gospel in the experience of the
various peoples. Synodality appears from the start as the guarantee and
incarnation of the Church’s fidelity to her apostolic origins and her Catholic
calling. It presents itself in a form that is substantially a single entity, but
one which gradually unfolds - in the light of what Scripture indicates - in the
living development of Tradition. This single entity thus has many forms
according to different historical contexts and in dialogue with the variety of
cultures and social situations.
25. At the beginning of the second century, Ignatius of Antioch describes the
synodal understanding of the various local Churches, which saw themselves as
jointly embodying the one Church. In his letter to the community in Ephesus, he
says all its members are σύνοδοι, "companions on the journey", by virtue of the
dignity of baptism and their friendship with Christ[17]. Furthermore, he stresses the divine order that makes the Church a single body[18], called to sing the praise of unity with the Father in Christ Jesus[19]: the college of Presbyters is the Bishop’s council[20] and the members of the community, in their various roles, are all called
to build it up. Ecclesial community is created and at its clearest in the
eucharistic synaxis presided over by the Bishop, which feeds the conviction and
hope that at the end of history God will gather in His Kingdom all the
communities that now live it and celebrate it in faith[21].
The distinctive characteristics of the true Church are: fidelity to the teaching
of the Apostles and the celebration of the Eucharist under the guidance of the
Bishop, the successor of the Apostles; the ordered exercise of ministries; the
primacy of communion in mutual service to the praise and glory of God the
Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. Cyprian of Carthage, who was the heir and
interpreter of this tradition in the middle of the third century, formulates the
episcopal and synodal principle that must rule its life and mission locally and
at a universal level: while nothing should be done in the local Church without
the Bishop - nihil sine episcopo - it is equally true that nothing should
be done without your council (the Presbyters & Deacons) - nihil sine consilio
vestro - or without the consensus of the people - et sine consensu plebis[22] - always holding firm to the rule according to which episcopatus unus
est cuius a singulis in solidum pars tenetur (the episcopate is one, of which each member has an undivided share in it)[23].
26. From the fourth century onwards, ecclesiastical provinces were established;
these demonstrated and promoted communion between local Churches and were headed
by a Metropolitan. In view of common deliberations, there were provincial
synods, specific instruments for the exercise of ecclesial synodality.
Canon 6 of the Council of Nicea (325) recognised the pre-eminence (πρεσβεία) and
regional primacy of the sees of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch[24]. The see of Constantinople was added to the list of principal sees at the
Council of Constantinople I (381): Canon 3 conferred an honorary presidency
after the Bishop of Rome[25], a title confirmed at the Council of Chalcedon (451)[26], when the see of Jerusalem was added to the list. In the East, this
pentarchy is considered as the form and guarantee of the exercise of
communion and synodality between these five apostolic sees.
While it recognises the role of the Patriarchs in the East, the Church in the
West does not consider the Church of Rome as one Patriarchate among others, but
attributes to it a specific primacy at the heart of the universal Church.
27. Apostolic canon 34, which goes back to the end of the third century and is
well known in the East, established that any decision that is beyond the
competency of the local Bishop must be taken by a synod: "The Bishops of each
nation (έθνος) must recognise the one who is first (πρότος) among them and consider him their head (κεφαλή), doing nothing significant
without his agreement (γνώμη) … but the first among them (πρότος) must do
nothing without the consensus of all"[27]. The action of a Synod in concord (όμονοία) brought into being in this way by
the Church is for the glorification of God the Father through Christ in the Holy
Spirit. The role of the πρότος at provincial, metropolitan (and eventually
patriarchal) level is to convoke and preside at the Synod at the appropriate
level to deal with common questions and issue the required solutions in virtue
of the authority (έξουσία) of the Lord expressed by the Bishops gathered in
Synod.
28. Although the Synods celebrated periodically from the third century onwards at
diocesan and provincial levels dealt with disciplinary, cultic and doctrinal
matters that had arisen locally, there is a firm conviction that the decisions
taken were an expression of communion with all the Churches. This ecclesial
sense is a sign of awareness that each local Church is an expression of the one
Catholic Church; this is clear from the sharing of synodal letters, lists of
synodal canons sent to other Churches, requests for mutual recognition between
the various sees, the exchange of delegations that often involved tiring and
dangerous journeys.
From the beginning, the Church of Rome has enjoyed particular respect, by virtue
of the fact that the Apostles Peter - the Bishop of Rome is recognised as his
successor - and Paul were martyred there[28]. The apostolic faith firmly held there, the ministry of authority exercised by
her Bishop in the service of communion between Churches, her rich history of
organising synods: these all make the Church of Rome a reference-point for all
Churches, which all consult her to resolve controversies[29], so that she functions as a See of appeal[30]. Furthermore, in the West the See of Rome has become the organisational
prototype of other Churches both administratively and canonically.
29. In 325 the first Ecumenical Council, convoked by the Emperor, was celebrated
in Nicea. Those present included bishops from various regions of the East and
Legates of the Bishop of Rome. The Council’s profession of faith and its
canonical decisions are recognised as having a normative value for the whole
Church, despite adverse reactions, which has been the case on other occasions
throughout history, too. With the Bishops exercising their ministry synodally,
the Council of Nicea was the first institutional expression, on the universal
level, of the έξουσία of the risen Lord guiding and directing the way forward
for the People of God in the Holy Spirit. There were similar experiences in
successive Councils in the First Millennium, which gave authentic shape to the
identity of the one Catholic Church. In those Councils there was a gradual
clarification of the attitude required for exercising the authority of an
Ecumenical Council: the συμφωνία (symphōnía) of the heads of the various
Churches, the συνεργεία (synergeía) of the Bishop of Rome, the συμφρόνησις
(symphrónēsis) of the other Patriarchs and agreement of its teaching with that
of preceding Councils[31].
30. As for the modus procedendi, local Synods in the First Millennium, on
the one hand, followed the Apostolic Tradition and, on the other hand, as far as
practical procedures were concerned, were influenced by the culture of the place
where they were held[32].
In the case of a Synod in a local Church, in principle the whole community took
part, each grouping in accordance with its respective role[33]. In provincial Synods, participants were the Bishops of the various Churches,
though presbyters and monks could be invited to contribute. Only Bishops took
part in the Ecumenical Councils celebrated in the First Millennium. It was
mainly diocesan and provincial Synods that shaped the synodal procedure adopted
in the First Millennium.
1.3 The development of synodal procedure in the Second Millennium
31. Since the beginning of the Second Millennium, synodal procedure gradually took
on different forms in the East and in the West, particularly after the breakdown
of communion between the Church of Constantinople and the Church of Rome (11th
century) and when ecclesiastical territories belonging to the Patriarchates of
Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem came under the political control of Islam.
In the Eastern Churches, synodal procedure continued to follow the tradition of
the Fathers, particularly on the level of patriarchal and metropolitan Synods,
but there were also special Synods, in which Patriarchs and Metropolitans took
part. In Constantinople the activity of a permanent Synod (Σύνοδος ένδημούσα)
became more strongly established; it had also been known since the fourth
century in Alexandria and Antioch, with regular assemblies to examine
liturgical, canonical and practical questions with different forms in the
Byzantine period and, after 1454, in the Ottoman period. Permanent Synods live
on today in the Orthodox Churches.
32. In the Catholic Church, the Gregorian reform and the struggle for the
libertas Ecclesiae contributed to the affirmation of the Pope’s authority as
primate. On the one hand, this freed Bishops from subordination to the Emperor
but, on the other hand, if not properly understood, it ran the risk of weakening
the identity of local Churches.
Since the fifth century, the Roman Synod had functioned as the Bishop of Rome’s
Council, attended not only by the Bishops of the Roman province but also by
Bishops present in Rome when it took place, as well as Presbyters and Deacons,
and this became the model for Councils in the Middle Ages. The Pope or his
Legate presided at these, but they were not assemblies involving only Bishops
and ecclesiastics; they were also an expression of western Christendom which
involved, in their various roles, not only the ecclesiastical authorities
(Bishops, Abbots and Superiors of Religious Orders), but also civil authorities
(representatives of the Emperor or of Kings and high dignitaries), as well as
theological and canonical experts (periti).
33. On the level of local Churches, partly continuing the vast synodal procedure
exercised in the Western Roman Empire introduced by Charlemagne, Synods lost
their simply ecclesiastical character and took on the form of royal or national
Synods, at which Bishops participated under the presidency of the King.
Throughout the Middle Ages, there were examples of revitalisation of Synodal
procedure in the widest sense of the term. The Monks of Cluny are one case.
Cathedral Chapters helped to keep synodal procedure alive, as did the new
communities of religious life, particularly the Mendicant Orders[34].
34. At the end of the Middle Ages, a unique situation came about in the Western
Schism (1378-1417), when there were simultaneously two, and later three, people
claiming the title of Pope. The Council of Konstanz (1414-1418) solved this
intricate question by applying emergency canon law foreseen in medieval
canonical thinking, and went on to elect the legitimate Pope. In this situation,
however, the conciliarist idea developed, whose aim was to impose a permanent
council over and above the primatial authority of the Pope.
The theological justification and practical application of conciliarism would be
judged not to be in conformity with Tradition. It does, however, leave a lesson
for Church history: there is always a danger of schism lying in wait, which
cannot be shrugged off, and the continual reform of the Church in capite et
membris cannot happen without making correct use of the synodal procedure
that follows in the wake of Tradition and looks to the primatial authority of
the Pope as its own guarantee.
35. A century later, in response to the crisis triggered off by the Protestant
Reformation, the Catholic Church held the Council of Trent. It is the first
Council in modern times with certain characteristics: it is no longer a Council
of Christendom as in the Middle Ages; the participants are Bishops as well as
Superiors of religious Orders and monastic Congregations, while the legates of
Princes who attend do not have the right to vote.
The Council established the norm that diocesan Synods should take place
annually, provincial Synods every three years, as a way of passing on the
impetus of Trent’s reforms to the whole Church. An example and model of this is
to be found in what Saint Charles Borromeo did as Archbishop of Milan. In his
long ministry, he convoked five provincial Synods and eleven diocesan ones. In
America, Saint Turibius of Mogrovejo undertook something similar: he convoked
three provincial Synods and thirteen diocesan ones. There were also three
provincial Councils in Mexico in the same century.
In keeping with the culture of the time, the diocesan and provincial Synods
celebrated following the Council of Trent were not meant to involve the active
participation of the whole People of God - the congregatio fidelium - but
to pass on and enact the Council’s norms and dispositions. The apologetic
reaction to the Protestant Reformation’s criticism of ecclesiastical authority
and to similar responses in a number of modern schools of thought has
accentuated the hierarchological vision of the Church as societas perfecta et
inaequalium, to the point of Seeing Bishops, and above them the Pope, as the
Ecclesia docens, with the rest of the People of God as the Ecclesia
discens.
36. The ecclesial communities born of the Protestant Reformation promote a certain
kind of synodal approach, in the context of an ecclesiology and a sacramental
and ministerial doctrine and practice which depart from Catholic Tradition.
The synodal government of the ecclesial community, in which a certain number of
the faithful take part by reason of the common priesthood involved in baptism,
is held to be the structure that is most in tune with the life of the Christian
community according to the Lutheran confession. All the faithful are called to
take part in the election of ministers and to ensure fidelity to the teaching of
the Gospel and ecclesiastical order. This prerogative is generally exercised by
civil rulers, which has led in the past to a regime very closely linked to the
State.
The ecclesial communities of the reformed tradition have Jean Calvin’s doctrine
of the four ministries (pastors, teachers, presbyters and deacons), according to
which the presbyter represents the dignity and powers conferred on all the
faithful with baptism. Presbyters, along with Pastors, are thus responsible for
the local community, while synodal procedure foresees the presence in the
assembly of teachers and the other ministries, with a majority of lay faithful.
Synods have always been part of the life of the Anglican Communion on all levels
- local, national and international. The expression according to which she is
synodically governed, but episcopally led is not meant simply to indicate a
division between the legislative power (which belongs to Synods, in which all
sectors of the People of God take part) and the executive power (specific to
Bishops), but rather the synergy between the charism and personal authority of
the Bishop, on the one hand, and, on the other, the gift of the Holy Spirit
poured out on the whole community.
37.
Vatican Council I (1869-1870) endorsed the doctrine of the primacy and
infallibility of the Pope. The primacy of the Bishop of Rome, for whom "in
blessed Peter is established the principle and the perpetual and visible
foundation of the unity of faith and communion", is presented by the Council as
the ministry set to guarantee the unity and indivisibility of the episcopate at
the service of the faith of the People of God[35]. The formula according to which ex cathedra definitions of the Pope are
irreformable "in themselves and not in virtue of the consensus of the Church"[36] "does not make the consensus Ecclesiae superfluous" but affirms the
exercise of authority which belongs to the Pope by virtue of his specific
ministry[37]. This is borne out by consultation carried out through the Bishops among the
whole People of God, which is what Blessed
Pius IX wanted in view of the
definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception[38], the approach taken by
Pius XII in regard to the definition of the dogma of the
Assumption of Mary[39].
38. The need for a pertinent and consistent re-launch of Synodal practice in the
Catholic Church became clear as early as the nineteenth century, thanks to
prophetic writers like Johann Adam Möhler (1796-1838), Antonio Rosmini
(1797-1855) and John Henry Newman (1801-1890), who returned to the normative
sources of Scripture and Tradition, heralding the providential renewal that came
with the biblical, liturgical and patristic movements. They stressed that a
primary and fundamental element in the life of the Church is the dimension of
communion, which implies an ordered synodal practice on every level, giving due
importance to the sensus fidei fidelium, intrinsically related to the
specific ministry of the Bishops and the Pope. The emergence of a new climate in
ecumenical relationships with other Churches and ecclesial communities, and a
more careful discernment of the advanced demands of modern consciousness
concerning the participation of every citizen in running society, call for a new
and deeper experience and presentation of the mystery of the Church as
intrinsically synodal.
39. It should not be forgotten that, from the second half of the nineteenth
century onward, a new institution came into being and acquired a certain
significance: episcopal conferences may not have had a precise canonical
profile, but, as a gathering of the Bishops of a single country, they were a
sign of a rediscovery of a collegial interpretation of the exercise of the
episcopal ministry in a specific territory and in view of changing geopolitical
circumstances. In the same spirit, on the eve of the twentieth century,
Leo XIII
convoked a plenary Latin American Council, which brought together the
Metropolitans of the ecclesiastical province of the continent (1899). In terms
of theology and ecclesiological experience, there was a growing awareness that
"the Church is not identical with her pastors; that the whole Church, by the
action of the Holy Spirit, is the subject or ‘organ’ of Tradition; and that lay
people have an active role in the transmission of the apostolic faith"[40].
40. The
Second Ecumenical Vatican Council continued along the lines of of
Vatican
I and made it part of a programme of aggiornamento, taking account of the
gains of the intervening years and including them in a rich synthesis in the
light of Tradition.
The dogmatic Constitution
Lumen Gentium sets out a vision of the nature
and mission of the Church as communion, with the theological presuppositions of
a suitable re-launch of synodality: the mystical and sacramental conception of
the Church; her nature as People of God on pilgrimage through history towards
the heavenly homeland, in which all her members are by virtue of baptism
honoured with the same dignity as children of God and appointed to the same
mission; the doctrine of sacramentality of the episcopate and collegiality in
hierarchical communion with the Bishop of Rome.
The decree
Christus Dominus emphasises that the local Church is a
subject, and encourages Bishops to exercise the pastoral care of the Church
entrusted to them in communion with their presbyterate, taking advantage of the
help of a specific senate or council of presbyters and formulating the
invitation to establish a pastoral Council in every Diocese, in which
presbyters, religious and lay people should take part. It also expresses the
wish that, on the level of communion between Churches in a region, the venerable
institution of Synods and Councils should be re-invigorated, and invites the
promotion of Episcopal Conferences. In the Decree
Orientalium Ecclesiarum
the institution of the Patriarchate and its synodal form are put forward in
relation to Eastern Catholic Churches.
41. In terms of re-vitalising synodal practice on the level of the universal
Church,
Blessed Paul VI instituted the Synod of Bishops. It is a "permanent
Council of Bishops for the universal Church", directly and immediately subject
to the power of the Pope, "providing information and offering advice", which
"can also enjoy the power of making decisions when such power is conferred upon
it by the Roman Pontiff"[41]. This institution aims to continue to extend to the People of God the benefits
of communion lived during the Council.
Saint
John Paul II, on the occasion of the Jubilee of the Year 2000, offered an
assessment of the path that had been travelled to incarnate - in conformity with
the teaching of
Vatican II - the very essence of the mystery of the Church
through the various structures of communion. Much has been done - he stressed -
"but there is certainly much more to be done, in order to realise all the
potential of these instruments of communion …(and) to respond promptly and
effectively to the issues which the Church must face in these rapidly changing
times"[42].
In the more than fifty years that have passed since the last Council until
today, the awareness of the Church as communion has grown in broad sectors of
the People of God and there have been positive experiences of synodality at
diocesan, regional and universal levels. In particular, there have been fourteen
general ordinary assemblies of the Synod of Bishops; the experience and activity
of Episcopal Conferences have developed; everywhere there have been synodal
assembles. Councils have also come into being which foster communion and
co-operation between local Churches and Bishops to develop pastoral approaches
on the level of regions and continents.
CHAPTER 2
TOWARDS A THEOLOGY OF SYNODALITY
42. The teaching of Scripture and Tradition show that synodality is an essential
dimension of the Church. Through synodality, the Church reveals and configures
herself as the pilgrim People of God and as the assembly convoked by the risen
Lord. Chapter 1 showed, in particular, the exemplary and normative character of
the Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15,4-29). That shows, in the face of a
decisive challenge for the early Church, the method of communitarian and
apostolic discernment which is an expression of the very nature of the Church,
the mystery of communion with Christ in the Holy Spirit[43]. Synodality is not simply a working procedure, but the particular form in which
the Church lives and operates. With this in view, and in the light of the
ecclesiology of
Vatican II, the present chapter will focus on the basis and
theologal content of synodality.
2.1 The theologal basis of synodality
43. The Church is de Trinitate plebs adunata[44],
called and qualified as the People of God to set out on her mission "to God,
through the Son, in the Holy Spirit"[45]. In this way, in Christ and through the Holy Spirit, the Church shares in the
life of communion of the Blessed Trinity, which is destined to embrace the whole
of humanity[46]. In the gift and commitment of communion can be found the source, the form and
the scope of synodality, inasmuch as it expresses the specific modus vivendi
et operandi of the People of God in the responsible and ordered
participation of all its members in discerning and putting into practice ways of
fulfilling its mission. Exercising synodality makes real the human person’s call
to live communion, which comes about through sincere self-giving, union with God
and unity with our brothers and sisters in Christ[47].
44. In order to implement the plan of salvation, the risen Jesus conferred the
gift of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles (cf. John 20,22). On the day of
Pentecost the Spirit of God was poured out on all those who, whatever their
origins, heard and welcomed the kérygma, prefiguring the universal
gathering of all peoples in the one People of God (cf. Acts 2,11). In the
depths of their hearts, the Holy Spirit brought into being and shaped the
communion and mission of the Church, the Body of Christ and the living Temple of
the Spirit (cf. John 2,21; 1 Corinthians 2,1-11). "To believe that
the Church is ‘holy’ and ‘Catholic’, and that she is ‘one’ and ‘apostolic (as the Nicene Creed adds), is inseparable from belief in God,
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit"[48].
45. The Church is One because she has her source, her model and her goal in
the unity of the Blessed Trinity (cf. John 17,21-22). She is the People
of God on pilgrimage on earth in order to reconcile all people in the unity of
the Body of Christ, through the Holy Spirit (cf. 1 Corinthians 12,4).
The Church is Holy because she is the work of the Blessed Trinity (cf.
2 Corinthians 13,13): made holy by the grace of Christ, who has given
Himself to her as a Bridegroom gives himself to his Bride (cf. Ephesians
5,23), and made alive by the love of the Father poured into our hearts through
the Holy Spirit (cf. Romans 5,5). The communio sanctorum becomes
real in her in both of its senses: communion with holy things (sancta)
and communion between people who have been made holy (sancti)[49]. In this way, the holy People of God journeys towards perfection in holiness -
the calling of all its members - accompanied by the intercession of Our Blessed
Lady, the Martyrs and the Saints, having been constituted and sent forth as the
universal sacrament of unity and salvation.
The Church is Catholic because she preserves the integrity and totality
of faith (cf. Matthew 16,16) and she has been sent to gather into one
holy People the peoples of the earth (cf. Matthew 28,19). She is
Apostolic because she has been built on the foundation of the Apostles (cf.
Ephesians 2,20), because she hands on their faith and because she is taught,
sanctified and governed by their successors (cf. Acts 20,19).
46. The principle of synodality is the action of the Spirit in the communion of
the Body of Christ and in the missionary journey of the People of God. Actually,
as the nexus amoris in the life of God as Trinity, the Spirit gives this
same love to the Church, and she is built into the κοινωνία τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος (cf. 2 Corinthians 13,13). The gift of the Holy Spirit,
which is one and the same in all who have been baptised, is manifested in many
forms: the equal dignity of the baptised; the universal call to holiness[50]; the participation of all the faithful in the priestly, prophetic and royal
office of Jesus Christ; the richness of hierarchical and charismatic gifts[51]; the life and mission of each local Church.
47. The Church’s synodal path is shaped and nourished by the Eucharist. It is "the
centre of the whole of Christian life for the Church both universal and local,
as well as for each of the faithful individually”[52]. The source and summit of synodality are in the celebration of the liturgy and
- in a unique way - in our full, conscious and active participation in the
Eucharistic synaxis[53]. Because of our communion with the Body and Blood of Christ, "we, although
there are many of us, are one single body, for we all share in the one loaf" (1
Corinthians 10,17).
The Eucharist represents and visibly brings about our membership of the Body of
Christ, which we share with each other as Christians (1 Corinthians
12,12). Local Churches are formed around the table of the Eucharist and gather
there in the unity of the one Church. The Eucharistic synaxis expresses and
brings into being the ecclesial "we" of the communio sanctorum, in which
the faithful are made sharers in God’s grace in its many forms. The Ordo ad
Synodum from the Councils of Toledo in the seventh century, and the
Cærimoniale Episcoporum, promulgated in 1984, show the liturgical nature of
a synodal assembly, and stipulate that it should begin with and be centred on
the celebration of the Eucharist and the proclamation of the Gospel.
48. The Lord pours out His Spirit in all places and at all times on the People of
God, to allow them to share His life, feeding them with the Eucharist and
guiding them in synodal communion. "Being truly 'synodal', therefore, means
moving forward in harmony, spurred on by the Holy Spirit"[54]. While synodal procedure and events have a beginning, a process and a
conclusion, synodality offers a specific description of the historical
development of the Church as such, breathes life into her structures and directs
her mission. The Trinitarian, anthropological, Christological, pneumatological
and Eucharistic dimensions of God's plan of salvation, which is at work in the
mystery of the Church, are the theological horizon which has been the context
for the development of synodality across the centuries.
2.2 The synodal path of the pilgrim and missionary People of God
49. Synodality manifests the 'pilgrim' character of the Church. The image of the
People of God, gathered from among the nations (Acts 2,1-9; 15,14),
expresses its social, historical and missionary character, which corresponds to
the condition and vocation of each human person as homo viator. The path
is the image that clarifies our understanding of the mystery of Christ as the
Way that leads to the Father[55]. Jesus is the way from God to man and from man to God[56]. The grace-filled event whereby He made Himself a pilgrim by pitching His tent
among us (John 1,14), goes on in the synodal path of the Church.
50. The Church journeys with Christ, through Christ and in Christ. He, the
wayfarer, the Way and our homeland, gives His Spirit of love (Romans 5,5)
so that, in Him, we may follow "the most perfect way" (1 Corinthians
12,31). The Church is called to retrace the footsteps of her Lord until He
returns (1 Corinthians 11,26). She is the People of the Way (Acts
9,2; 18,25; 19,9) towards the Kingdom of heaven (Philippians 3,20).
Synodality is the historical form of her journeying in communion towards final
rest (Hebrews 3,7-4,44). Faith, hope and love guide and inform the
pilgrimage of the assembly of the Lord "in sight of the future city" (Hebrews
11,10). Christians are "pilgrims and strangers" in the world (1 Peter
2,11), honoured with the gift and responsibility of proclaiming to all the
Gospel of the Kingdom.
51. The People of God is journeying towards the end of time (Matthew 28,20)
and towards the ends of the earth (Acts 1,8). The Church lives through
space in the various local Churches and travels through the time of Christ’s
Passover until His parousia. She is a single historical subject; already
present and working in her are the eschatological destiny of definitive union
with God and the unity of the human family in Christ[57]. The synodal form of her journey expresses and promotes the exercise of
communion in each of the local Churches and between them in the one Church of
Christ.
52. The synodal dimension of the Church implies communion in the living faith of
the various local Churches with each other and with the Church of Rome, both in
a diachronic sense - antiquitas - and in a synchronic sense -
universitas. The handing on and reception of the Symbols of faith and of the
decisions of local, provincial and - in a specific and universal sense -
ecumenical Synods, have expressed and guaranteed in a normative way that
communion in faith professed by the Church everywhere, always and by everyone
(quod ubique, quod semper, quod ab omnibus creditum est)[58].
53. Synodality is lived out in the Church in the service of mission. Ecclesia
peregrinans natura sua missionaria est[59];
she exists in order to evangelise[60]. The whole People of God is an agent of the proclamation of the Gospel[61]. Every baptised person is called to be a protagonist of mission since we are
all missionary disciples. The Church is called, in synodal synergy, to activate
the ministries and charisms present in her life and to listen to the voice of
the Spirit, in order to discern the ways of evangelisation.
2.3 Synodality as an expression of the ecclesiology of communion
54. The dogmatic Constitution
Lumen Gentium offers the essential principles
for a correct understanding of synodality in the perspective of the ecclesiology
of communion. The order of its first chapters expresses an important step
forward in the way the Church understands herself. The sequence - the Mystery of
the Church (chapter 1), the People of God (chapter 2), the Hierarchical
Constitution of the Church (chapter 3) - stresses that the ecclesiastical
hierarchy is at the service of the People of God in order that the Church may
carry out her mission in conformity with God’s plan of salvation, in the logic
of the priority of the whole over its parts and of the end over the means.
55. Synodality means that the whole Church is a subject and that everyone in the
Church is a subject. The faithful are σύνοδοι, companions on the journey. They
are called to play an active role inasmuch as they share in the one priesthood
of Christ[62], and are meant to receive the various charisms given by the Holy Spirit in view
of the common good[63]. Synodal life reveals a Church consisting of free and different subjects,
united in communion, which is dynamically shown to be a single communitarian
subject built on Christ, the corner-stone, and on the Apostles, who are like
pillars, built like so many living stones into "a spiritual house" (cf. 1
Peter 2,5), "a dwelling-place of God in the Spirit" (Ephesians 2,22).
56. All the faithful are called by virtue of their baptism to witness to and
proclaim the Word of truth and life, in that they are members of the prophetic,
priestly and royal People of God[64]. Bishops exercise their specific apostolic authority in teaching, sanctifying
and governing the particular Church entrusted to their pastoral care at the
service of the mission of the People of God.
The anointing of the Holy Spirit is manifested in the sensus fidei of the
faithful[65]. "In all the baptised, from first to last, the sanctifying power of the Spirit
is at work, impelling us to evangelisation. The People of God is holy thanks to
this anointing, which makes it infallible in credendo. This means that it
does not err in faith, even when it cannot find words to explain that faith. The
Spirit guides it in truth and leads it to salvation. As part of His mysterious
love for humanity, God furnishes the totality of the faithful with an
instinct of faith - sensus fidei - which helps them to discern what is truly
of God. The presence of the Spirit gives Christians a certain connaturality with
divine realities, and a wisdom which enables them to grasp those realities
intuitively"[66]. This connaturality shows itself in a "sentire cum Ecclesia: to feel,
sense and perceive in harmony with the Church. This is required not just of
theologians, but of all the faithful; it unites all the members of the People of
God as they make their pilgrim journey. It is the key to their 'walking
together'"[67].
57. Taking up the ecclesiological perspective of
Vatican II,
Pope Francis sketches
the image of a synodal Church as "an inverted pyramid" which comprises the
People of God and the College of Bishops, one of whose members, the Successor of
Peter, has a specific ministry of unity. Here the summit is below the base.
"Synodality, as a constitutive element of the Church, offers us the most
appropriate interpretative framework for understanding the hierarchical ministry
itself…. Jesus founded the Church by setting at her head the College of
Apostles, in which the Apostle Peter is the 'rock' (cf. Matthew 16,18),
the one who must "confirm" his brethren in the faith (cf. Luke 22,32).
But in this Church, as in an inverted pyramid, the top is located below the
base. Consequently, those who exercise authority are called 'ministers',
because, in the original meaning of the word, they are the least of all"[68].
2.4 Synodality in the dynamic of Catholic communion
58. Synodality is a living expression of the Catholicity of the Church as
communion. In the Church, Christ is present as the Head united to His Body (Ephesians
1,22-23) in such a way that she receives from Him the fullness of the means of
salvation. The Church is Catholic also because she is sent to all, in order to
gather the entire human family in the richness of the plurality of cultural
forms, under the Lordship of Christ and in the unity of His Spirit. The synodal
path expresses and promotes her Catholicity in two ways: it shows the dynamic
way in which the fullness of faith is shared by all members of the People of God
and it assists in handing it on to all people and all peoples.
59. The Church, insofar as she is Catholic, makes the universal local and the
local universal. The particularity of the Church in one place is fulfilled at
the heart of the universal Church and the universal Church is manifested and
made real in the local Churches, and in their communion with each other and with
the Church of Rome.
"Each individual Church that would voluntarily cut itself off from the universal
Church would lose its relationship to God’s plan…. But, at the same time, a
Church toto orbe diffusa would become an abstraction if she did not take
body and life precisely through the individual Churches. Only continual
attention to these two poles of the Church will enable us to perceive the
richness of this relationship"[69].
60. The intrinsic correlation of these two poles can be expressed as the way the
universal and the local are present in each other in the Church of Christ. In
the Church as Catholic, variety is not mere co-existence but bonding in mutual
correlation and dependence: an ecclesiological perichoresis in which
trinitarian communion sees its ecclesial reflection. The communion of Churches
with each other in the one universal Church illuminates the ecclesiological
meaning of the collegial "we" of the episcopate gathered in unity cum Petro
et sub Petro.
61. Local Churches are communitarian subjects that make the one People of God real
in a novel way in different cultural contexts, and they share their gifts in a
reciprocal exchange in order to promote "bonds of close communion"[70]. The variety of local Churches - with their own ecclesiastical disciplines,
liturgical rites, theological heritage, spiritual gifts and canonical norms -
"is splendid evidence of the Catholicity of the undivided Church"[71]. The ministry of Peter, the centrum unitatis, "protects legitimate
differences, while at the same time assuring that such differences do not hinder
unity but rather contribute toward it"[72]. The Petrine ministry is there to serve the unity of the Church and guarantees
the distinct character of each local Church. Synodality describes the path to
follow to promote the Catholicity of the Church with the discernment of the
paths to be taken together in the universal Church and distinctly in each local
Church.
2.5 Synodality in the traditio of apostolic communion
62. The Church is apostolic in three senses: inasmuch as she has been and
continues to be built on the foundations of the Apostles (cf. Ephesians
2,20); inasmuch as, with the assistance of the Holy Spirit, she preserves and
hands on their teachings (cf. Acts 2,42; 2 Timothy 1,13-14);
inasmuch as she continues to be led by the Apostles through the College of
Bishops, their successors and Pastors in the Church (acts 20,28)[73]. We are focusing here on the relationship between the synodal life of the
Church and the apostolic ministry that is made real in the ministry of Bishops
in collegial and hierarchical communion with each other and with the Bishop of
Rome.
63.
Lumen Gentium teaches that Jesus appointed the Twelve "after the manner
of a college (collegium) or a stable group (cœtus), over which he
placed Peter chosen from among them"[74]. It affirms that apostolic succession comes about through the consecration of
Bishops, which confers on them the fullness of the sacrament of Orders and
incorporates them into collegial and hierarchical communion with the head and
members of the College[75]. It declares, therefore, that the ministry of Bishops, which corresponds to and
derives from the ministry of the Apostles, is collegial and hierarchical. It
illustrates the link between the sacramentality of the episcopate and episcopal
collegiality, going beyond the interpretation that uncouples episcopal ministry
from its sacramental root and weakens its collegial dimension, something
confirmed by Tradition[76]. In this way, in the context of the ecclesiology of communion and collegiality,
it complements the doctrine of Vatican I on the Bishop of Rome as "visible
principle and foundation of unity of both the Bishops and of the faithful"[77].
64. It is possible to go deeper into the theology of synodality on the basis of
the doctrine of the sensus fidei of the People of God and the sacramental
collegiality of the episcopate in hierarchical communion with the Bishop of
Rome.
This ecclesiological vision invites us to articulate synodal communion in terms
of "all", "some" and "one". On different levels and in different forms, as local
Churches, regional groupings of local Churches and the universal Church,
synodality involves the exercise of the sensus fidei of the
universitas fidelium (all), the ministry of leadership of the college of
Bishops, each one with his presbyterium (some), and the ministry of unity of the
Bishop of Rome (one). The dynamic of synodality thus joins the communitarian
aspect which includes the whole People of God, the collegial dimension that is
part of the exercise of episcopal ministry, and the primatial ministry of the
Bishop of Rome.
This correlation promotes that singularis conspiratio between the
faithful and their Pastors[78], which is an icon of the eternal conspiratio that is lived within the
Trinity. The Church thus "constantly moves forward toward the fullness of divine
truth until the words of God reach their complete fulfilment in her"[79].
65. The renewal of the Church’s synodal life demands that we initiate processes
for consulting the entire People of God. "The practice of consulting the
faithful is not new in the life of the Church. In the Medieval Church a
principle of Roman law was used: Quod omnes tangit, ab omnibus tractari et
approbari debet (what affects everyone should be discussed and approved by
all). In the three domains of the life of the Church (faith, sacraments,
governance), 'tradition combined a hierarchical structure with a concrete regime
of association and agreement', and it was considered to be an apostolic
procedure or tradition"[80]. This axiom should not be understood in the sense of conciliarism on the
ecclesiological level or of parliamentarianism on a political level. It is more
helpful to think in terms of exercising synodality at the heart of ecclesial
communion.
66. In the Catholic and apostolic vision of synodality there is a reciprocal
relationship between the communio fidelium, the communio episcoporum
and the communio ecclesiarum. The concept of synodality is broader than
that of collegiality because it includes the participation of all in the Church
and that of all the Churches. Collegiality in the strict sense denotes the
assertion and expression of the communion of the People of God in the ranks of
Bishops, in other words in the college of Bishops cum Petro et sub Petro,
and - through that - communion between all Churches. The notion of synodality
implies collegiality and vice versa, inasmuch as they both, being different,
support and authenticate each other.
Vatican II’s teaching on the sacramentality
of the episcopate and on collegiality is a basic theological premise for a
correct and complete theology of synodality.
2.6 Participation and authority in the synodal life of the Church
67. A synodal Church is a Church of participation and co-responsibility. In
exercising synodality she is called to give expression to the participation of
all, according to each one’s calling, with the authority conferred by Christ on
the College of Bishops headed by the Pope. Participation is based on the fact
that all the faithful are qualified and called to serve each other through the
gifts they have all received from the Holy Spirit. The authority of Pastors is a
specific gift of the Spirit of Christ the Head for the upbuilding of the entire
Body, not a delegated and representative function of the people. On this point
it is worth clarifying two things.
68. The first is about the significance and value of consulting everyone in
the Church. The distinction between deliberative and consultive votes must not
allow us to underrate the opinions expressed and votes made in various synodal
assemblies and councils. The expression votum tantum consultivum, which
indicates the weight of evaluations and proposals in such august assemblies, is
inadequate if it is understood according to the mens of civil law in its
various expressions[81].
The consultation that takes place in synodal assemblies is actually different,
because the members of the People of God who take part in them are responding to
the summons of the Lord, listening as a community to what the Spirit is saying
to the Church through the Word of God which resonates in their situation, and
interpreting the signs of the times with the eyes of faith. In the synodal
Church the whole community, in the free and rich diversity of its members, is
called together to pray, listen, analyse, dialogue, discern and offer advice on
taking pastoral decisions which correspond as closely as possible to God's will.
So, in coming to formulate their own decisions, Pastors must listen carefully to
the wishes (vota) of the faithful. Canon law stipulates that, in certain
cases, they must act only after having sought and obtained the various opinions
according to juridically established procedures[82].
69. The second clarification regards the function of governing proper to
Pastors[83]. There is to be no distance or separation between the community and its
Pastors - who are called to act in the name of the only Pastor - but a
distinction between tasks in the reciprocity of communion. A synod, an assembly,
a council cannot take decisions without its legitimate Pastors. The synodal
process must take place at the heart of a hierarchically structured community.
In a diocese, for example, it is necessary to distinguish between the process of
decision-making through a joint exercise of discernment, consultation and
co-operation, and decision-taking, which is within the competence of the
Bishop, the guarantor of apostolicity and Catholicity. Working things out is a
synodal task; decision is a ministerial responsibility. A correct exercise of
synodality must contribute to a better articulation of the ministry of the
personal and collegial exercise of apostolic authority with the synodal exercise
of discernment on the part of the community.
70. To sum up, in the light of its normative sources and its theologal
foundations, which we have recalled in chapters 1 and 2, we can conclude with a
precise description of synodality as an essential dimension of the Church.
a. First and foremost, synodality denotes the particular style that
qualifies the life and mission of the Church, expressing her nature as the
People of God journeying together and gathering in assembly, summoned by the
Lord Jesus in the power of the Holy Spirit to proclaim the Gospel. Synodality
ought to be expressed in the Church’s ordinary way of living and working. This
modus vivendi et operandi works through the community listening to the
Word and celebrating the Eucharist, the brotherhood of communion and the
co-responsibility and participation of the whole People of God in its life and
mission, on all levels and distinguishing between various ministries and roles.
b. In a more specific sense, which is determined from a theological and canonical
point of view, synodality denotes those structures and ecclesial
processes in which the synodal nature of the Church is expressed at an
institutional level, but analogously on various levels: local, regional and
universal. These structures and processes are officially at the service of the
Church, which must discover the way to move forward by listening to the Holy
Spirit.
c. Finally, synodality designates the programme of those synodal events in
which the Church is called together by the competent authority in accordance
with the specific procedures laid down by ecclesiastical discipline, involving
the whole People of God in various ways on local, regional and universal levels,
presided over by the Bishops in collegial communion with the Bishop of Rome, to
discern the way forward and other particular questions, and to take particular
decisions and directions with the aim of fulfilling its evangelising mission.
CHAPTER 3
IMPLEMENTING SYNODALITY:
SYNODAL SUBJECTS, STRUCTURES, PROCESS AND EVENTS
71. The theological understanding of synodality in the perspective of the
ecclesiology of
Vatican II invites us to reflect on practical ways of putting it
into practice. It is a matter of reviewing, in broad brush-strokes, what is
currently stipulated canonically to bring out its meaning and possibilities, and
to give it new energy, at the same time discerning the theological outlook for
developing it correctly. This chapter takes its cue from the synodal calling of
the People of God , goes on to describe synodal structures at local, regional
and universal levels, and indicates the various subjects involved in synodal
processes and events.
3.1 The synodal calling of the People of God
72. The entire People of God is challenged by its fundamentally synodal calling.
The circularity of the sensus fidei with which all the faithful are
endowed, the discernment carried out at the various levels on which synodality
works and the authority of those who exercise the pastoral ministry of unity and
governance shows the dynamic of synodality. This circularity promotes the
baptismal dignity and co-responsibility of all, makes the most of the presence
in the People of God of charisms dispensed by the Holy Spirit, recognises the
specific ministry of Pastors in collegial and hierarchical communion with the
Bishop of Rome, and guarantees that synodal processes and events unfold in
conformity with the depositum fidei and involve listening to the Holy
Spirit, for the renewal of the Church’s mission.
73. In this perspective, the participation of the lay faithful becomes essential.
They are the immense majority of the People of God and there is much to be
learnt from their participation in the various forms of the life and mission of
ecclesial communities, from popular piety and generic pastoral care, as well as
their specific competency in various sectors of cultural and social life[84].
Consulting them is thus indispensable for initiating processes of discernment in
the framework of synodal structures. We must, therefore, overcome the obstacles
created by the lack of formation and recognised spaces in which the lay faithful
can express themselves and act, and by a clerical mindset which runs the risk of
keeping them on the edges of ecclesial life[85]. This requires a priority commitment in the task of forming a mature ecclesial
sense, which, at the institutional level, needs to be transformed into a regular
synodal process.
74. There also needs to be a decisive
promotion of the principle of co-essentiality between hierarchical
gifts and charismatic gifts in the Church on the basis of the
teaching of
Vatican II[86]. This entails involving communities of consecrated women or men, the movements
and new ecclesial communities. All of these, many of which have come into being
spurred on by charisms given by the Holy Spirit for the renewal of the Church’s
life and mission, can offer significant experiences of synodal approaches in the
life of communion and of the dynamics of communal discernment at the centre of
their lives, as well as stimuli to discovering new methods of evangelisation. In
some cases, they also offer examples of integrating different ecclesial
vocations in the perspective of the ecclesiology of communion.
75. In the Church’s synodal vocation, the charism of theology is called to offer a
specific service: it involves listening to the Word of God, understanding faith
in sapiential, scientific and prophetic ways, discerning the signs of the times
in the light of the Gospel and being in dialogue with society and cultures, all
at the service of the proclamation of the Gospel. Together with the faithful
People’s experience of faith and contemplation of the truth, and with the
preaching of the Pastors, theology contributes to an ever deeper penetration
into the Gospel[87]. Furthermore, "As is the case with all Christian vocations, the ministry of
theologians, as well as being personal, is also both communal and collegial"[88]. Ecclesial synodality therefore needs theologians to do theology in a synodal
way, developing their capacity to listen to each other, to dialogue, to discern
and to harmonise their many and varied approaches and contributions.
76. The synodal dimension of the Church must be brought out by enacting and
directing discernment processes which bear witness to the dynamism of communion
that inspires all ecclesial decisions. Synodal life is expressed in structures
and processes which lead, through various phases (preparation, celebration,
reception), to synodal events in which the Church is called together in
accordance with the various levels of implementing her essential synodality.
This task demands listening carefully to the Holy Spirit, fidelity to the
teaching of the Church and, at the same time, creativity, in order to discover
and set in motion the most suitable instruments for the ordered participation of
all, for the mutual exchange of gifts, for an incisive reading of the signs of
the times, for effective planning for mission. To this end, implementing the
synodal dimension of the Church must integrate and update the heritage of the
ancient ordering of the Church by means of the synodal structures inspired by
Vatican II, and must be open to the creation of new structures[89].
3.2 Synodality in the local Church
77. The first level on which synodality is exercised is the local Church. Here
"the pre-eminent manifestation of the Church consists in the full active
participation of all God’s holy People in these liturgical celebrations,
especially in the same Eucharist, in a single prayer, at one altar, at which the
Bishop presides, surrounded by his college of priests and by his ministers"[90].
The historical, linguistic and cultural links that mould interpersonal
communication in the local Church and describe its particular features
facilitate the adoption of a synodal style in its daily life and are the basis
for effective missionary conversion. In the local Church Christian witness is
embodied in specific human and social situations, which allows for an incisive
initiation of synodal structures which serve mission. As
Pope Francis has
emphasised, "only to the extent that these organisations keep connected to the
'base' and start from people and their daily problems, can a synodal Church
begin to take shape"[91].
3.2.1 Diocesan Synods and Eparchial Assemblies
78. Diocesan Synods in Latin-rite Churches and Eparchial Assemblies in
eastern-rite Churches[92] are the "highest of all diocesan structures of participation in the
Bishop’s governance"[93]. They are actually a grace-filled event in which the People of God living in a
particular Church is called together and gathers in the name of Christ, under
the presidency of the Bishop, in order to discern pastoral challenges, to seek
together the ways to go in mission and, listening to the Spirit, to co-operate
actively in making appropriate decisions.
79. Being at the same time "an act of episcopal governance and an event of
communion"[94], a Diocesan Synod or an Eparchial Assembly renews and deepens the People of
God’s awareness of co-responsibility. They are both called to give a real
profile for the participation of all the members of the People of God in mission
according to the logic of "all", "some" and "one".
The participation of "all" is put in motion through consultation in the
process of preparing the Synod, with the aim of reaching all the voices that are
an expression of the People of God in the local Church. Those who take part in
Assemblies or Synods ex officio, and those who are elected or are
appointed by the Bishop are the "some" whose task it is to celebrate the
Diocesan Synod or Eparchial Assembly. It is essential that, taken as a whole,
the participants give a meaningful and balanced image of the local Church,
reflecting different vocations, ministries, charisms, competencies, social
status and geographical origin. The Bishop, the successor of the Apostles and
Shepherd of his flock who convokes and presides over the local Church Synod[95], is called to exercise there the ministry of unity and leadership with the
authority which belongs to him.
3.2.2 Other structures serving synodal life in the local Church
80. In the local Church, it is laid down that there should be various permanent
organisms whose task it is to assist the ministry of the Bishop in various ways
in his ordinary pastoral leadership of the Diocese: the Diocesan Curia, the
College of Consultors, the Chapter of Canons and the Financial Council. Vatican
Council II stipulated that the Council of Priests and the Diocesan Pastoral
Council[96] be set up as permanent bodies for the exercise and promotion of communion
and synodality.
81. The Council of Priests was presented by
Vatican II as a "council or senate of
priests who represent the presbyterium" and its aim is "to help the
Bishop in governing the Diocese". The Bishop is, in fact, called to listen to
the priests, to consult them and to dialogue with them "about the pastoral needs
and the good of the Diocese"[97]. The presbyterium has a specific place in the local Church’s overall
synodal dynamic, whose spirit animates it and whose style shapes it.
The Diocesan Pastoral Council’s task is to offer a qualified contribution to the
overall pastoral approach promoted by the Bishop and his presbyterium; on
occasions it also becomes a place for decisions under the specific authority of
the Bishop[98]. Given its nature, the frequency of its meetings, its procedure and the
objectives to which it is committed, the Diocesan Pastoral Council is proposed
as the most appropriate permanent structure for implementing synodality in the
local Church.
82. In various local Churches, to boost the implementation of the teaching of
Vatican II, there are Assemblies which express and promote communion and
co-responsibility and contribute to integrated pastoral planning and its
evaluation. These Assemblies are of great significance in the ecclesial
community’s synodal journey, as the setting and ordinary preparation for
enacting the diocesan Synod.
3.2.3 Synodality in the life of the parish
83. The parish is the community of the faithful which incarnates the mystery of
the Church in a visible, immediate and everyday form. The parish is where we
learn to live as disciples of the Lord in a network of fraternal relationships
and experience communion in the variety of vocations and generations, charisms,
ministries and competencies, forming a genuine community where everyone jointly
lives out his or her mission and service, harmonising the specific contributions
of them all.
84. In the parish there are two structures which have a synodal character: the
parish pastoral council and the financial council, with lay participation in
consultation and pastoral planning. In this sense it seems necessary to review
the canonical norm which at present only suggests that there should be a parish
pastoral council and to make it obligatory, as the last Synod of the Diocese of
Rome did[99]. Bringing about an effective synodal dynamic in a local Church also requires
that the Diocesan Pastoral Council and parish pastoral councils should work in a
co-ordinated way and be appropriately upgraded[100].
3.3 Synodality in local Churches on a regional level
85. The regional level in the exercise of synodality is the one experienced in
groupings of local Churches present in the same region: a Province, as happened
above all in the Church of the first centuries, or a country, a continent or
part of one. These were "organically united" groupings, where bishops "pooled
their abilities and their wills for the common good", moved "by the communion of
fraternal charity and zeal for the universal mission"[101]. Shared historical origins, cultural homogeneity, the need to face up to
similar challenges in mission gave them a new way of making the People of God
present in various cultures and contexts. To live synodality at this level
enhances the journey local Churches make together, strengthens their spiritual
and institutional connections, contributes to the exchange of gifts and
harmonises their pastoral choices[102]. In particular, synodal discernment can inspire and encourage shared choices
which will mean "sparking new processes for evangelising culture"[103].
86. Since the first centuries, both in the East and in the West, Churches founded
by an Apostle or one of his co-workers have played a specific role in their
Province or Region, inasmuch as their Bishop was recognised, according to
circumstances, as their Metropolitan or Patriarch. This has brought about
specific synodal structures, in which the Patriarchs, Metropolitans and Bishops
of individual Churches are explicitly called to promote synodality[104]; this task becomes greater through a growing awareness of episcopal
collegiality, which must be expressed on the regional level, too.
87. Regional synodal structures in the Latin-rite Catholic Church include:
Provincial and General Councils, Episcopal Conferences and groupings of
Episcopal Conferences, sometimes at a continental level; in the Eastern-rite
Catholic Church: Patriarchal and Provincial Synods, the Assembly of Hierarchs of
various eastern Churches sui iuris[105] and the Council of Eastern Catholic Patriarchs.
Pope Francis has referred
to these ecclesial structures as intermediate organs of collegiality and has
repeated Vatican II’s hope "that such bodies would help increase the spirit of
episcopal collegiality"[106].
3.3.1 Particular Councils
88. Particular Councils celebrated on a regional level are the specific structure
for the exercise of synodality in a grouping of local Churches[107]. Actually, they envisage the participation of the People of God in the
processes for discerning decisions in a way that expresses collegial communion
not only between Bishops, "but with all the components of that portion of the
People of God entrusted to them" and, consequently, "communion between the
Churches", making them "a fitting place for decisions of greater importance,
especially regarding the faith"[108]. As well as confirming the extent to which exercising synodal discernment is in
the areas of doctrine and policy is appropriate in these Councils, the Code of
Canon Law stresses their pastoral character[109].
3.3.2 Episcopal Conferences
89. National or regional Episcopal Conferences are a recent institution, which
emerged in the context of the rise of nation states and as such were given a
higher profile by
Vatican II[110] in the perspective of the ecclesiology of communion. They demonstrate
episcopal collegiality and their principal objective is co-operation between
Bishops for the common good of the Churches entrusted to them, to support their
mission in their respective nations. Their ecclesiological importance has been
re-stated by
Pope Francis, who has called for a doctrinal study of their
characteristics, too[111]. The way to do this is to reflect on the ecclesiological nature of Episcopal
Conferences, on their canonical status and on their specific features, with
reference to the exercise of episcopal collegiality and to the establishment of
a more coherent synodal life on the regional level. In this perspective, it is
necessary to pay attention to experiences built up over the last decades, as
well as the traditions, theology and law of the Eastern Churches[112].
90. The importance of Episcopal Conferences in promoting the synodal journey of
the People of God lies in the fact that "the individual Bishops represent each
his own Church"[113]. The development of an effective methodology of participation, with appropriate
procedures for consulting the faithful and acceptance of different ecclesial
experiences in the phase of working out the pastoral orientations that have come
from Episcopal Conferences, with lay people participating as experts, helps to
enhance these structures of episcopal collegiality to assist in the
implementation of synodality. Ecclesial conventions organised by Episcopal
Conferences, for example the ten-yearly conventions of the Church in Italy, are
important for initiating synodal processes on a national level[114].
91. On the level of the universal Church, a more precise procedure in the
preparation of the Assemblies of the Synod of Bishops allows Episcopal
Conferences to contribute more productively to synodal processes involving the
entire People of God, through consultation of the lay faithful and experts in
the preparatory phase.
3.3.3 Patriarchates in the Eastern Catholic Churches
92. In the Eastern Catholic Churches, a Patriarchate is a synodal structure that
gives expression to communion between the Churches in a province or region which
have the same theological, liturgical, spiritual and canonical heritage[115]. In Patriarchal Synods, the exercise of collegiality and synodality demands
harmony between the Patriarch and the other Bishops inasmuch as they represent
their Churches. A Patriarch promotes unity in diversity and Catholicity through
the communion of the faithful in one and the same Patriarchal Church, in
communion with the Bishop of Rome and the universal Church.
3.3.4 Regional Councils of Episcopal Conferences and Regional Councils of the
Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches
93. The same reasons that led to the birth of national Episcopal Conferences led
to the creation of Councils of Episcopal Conferences at the level of
macro-regions or continents and, in the case of Eastern rite Catholic Churches,
of the Assembly of Hierarchs of Churches sui juris and of the Council of
Patriarchs of Eastern Catholic Churches. These structures encourage
consideration of the inculturation of the Gospel in different contexts, keeping
in mind the challenge of globalisation, and play their part in manifesting "the
beauty of the varied face of the Church" in its Catholic unity[116]. Their ecclesiological significance and canonical status should be studied in
depth, bearing in mind the fact that they can encourage processes of synodal
participation in "each major socio-cultural region"[117], starting from the specific conditions of life and culture that mark the
Churches which are part of them.
3.4 Synodality in the universal Church
94. Synodality as an essential dimension of the Church is expressed on the level
of the universal Church in the dynamic circularity of the consensus fidelium,
episcopal collegiality and the primacy of the Bishop of Rome. On this basis, the
Church is asked from time to time to respond - in fidelity to the depositum
fidei and in creative openness to the voice of the Spirit - to particular
circumstances and challenges; she is called to set in motion a process of
listening to all the subjects who together form the People of God in order to
agree in discerning the truth and on the missionary path to take.
95. This ecclesiological context is the background of the specific ministry of the
Bishop of Rome concerning the exercise of synodality on the universal level. "I
am persuaded" - said
Pope Francis - "that, in a synodal Church, greater light
can be shed on the exercise of the Petrine primacy. The Pope is not, by himself,
above the Church; but within it as one of the baptised, and within the College
of Bishops as a Bishop among Bishops, called at the same time - as Successor of
Peter - to lead the Church of Rome which presides in charity over all the
Churches"[118].
96. The College of Bishops carries out an irreplaceable ministry in the exercise
of synodality on the universal level. In fact, inasmuch as it intrinsically
contains within itself its Head, the Bishop of Rome, and acts in communion with
him, it is "the subject of supreme and full power over the universal Church"[119].
3.4.1 Ecumenical Councils
97. An Ecumenical Council is the fullest and most solemn event giving expression
to episcopal collegiality and ecclesial synodality on the level of the universal
Church: for this reason,
Vatican II defines it as Sacrosancta Synodus[120].
It gives expression to the exercise of the authority of the College of Bishops
united to its Head, the Bishop of Rome, in the service of the whole Church[121]. The formula "una cum Patribus" used by
Blessed Paul VI in promulgating
the documents of
Vatican II is a clear sign of the intimate communion of the
College with the Pope who presides over it as subject of pastoral ministry to
the universal Church.
98. An Ecumenical Council is the specific form of representation of the one
Catholic Church in the sense of the communion of the local Churches: "individual
Bishops represent each his own Church, but all of them together and with the
Pope represent the entire Church"[122]. The fact that such a Council represents the entire People of God through the
College of Bishops, with the Pope at its head, derives from the fact that
episcopal ordination makes a Bishop president of a local Church and
sacramentally makes him part of the apostolic succession and the College of
Bishops. This means that an Ecumenical Council is the supreme instance of
ecclesial synodality in the communion of the Bishops with the Pope, which
represents communion among local Churches through their Pastors, gathered in
unum to discern the way the universal Church must go.
3.4.2 The Synod of Bishops
99. The Synod of Bishops, instituted by
Blessed Paul VI as a permanent synodal
structure, is one of the most precious legacies of
Vatican II. The Bishops who
compose it represent the whole Catholic episcopacy[123], so that the Synod of Bishops is evidence of the participation of the College
of Bishops, in hierarchical communion with the Pope, in care for the universal
Church[124]. It is called to be an "expression of episcopal collegiality within an
entirely synodal Church"[125].
100. Every synodal assembly evolves in successive phases: preparation, celebration
and implementation. The history of the Church bears witness to the importance of
the process of consultation, which aims to receive the opinions of Pastors and
the faithful.
Pope Francis has suggested a line of approach to achieve this: to
listen more broadly and more attentively to the sensus fidei of the
People of God by putting in place procedures of consultation on the level of
local Churches, in such a way that the Synod of Bishops can "be the point of
convergence of this listening process conducted at every level of the Church’s
life"[126].
Through the process of consulting the People of God, the ecclesial
representation of the Bishops and the presidency of the Bishop of Rome, the
Synod of Bishops is a privileged structure for implementing and promoting
synodality at every level of the Church. Through consultation the synodal
process has its point of departure in the People of God and, through the phase
of inculturated implementation, it has its point of arrival there, too.
The Synod of Bishops is not the only possible way for the college of Bishops to
share in pastoral care for the universal Church. The Code of Canon Law
makes this clear: "It is for the Roman Pontiff, according to the needs of the
Church, to select and promote the ways by which the College of Bishops is to
exercise its function collegially regarding the universal Church"[127].
3.4.3 Structures at the service of the synodal exercise of primacy
101. The College of Cardinals, originally composed of the Priests and Deacons of
the Church of Rome and the Bishops of the suburbicarian dioceses, is the
historical synodal Council of the Bishop of Rome, to assist him in the exercise
of his specific ministry. This function has developed over the centuries. In its
current configuration, it reflects the face of the universal Church, assists the
Pope in his ministry on its behalf and with this aim is called together in a
Consistory. This function is carried out in a unique way when the College is
called together in Conclave to elect the Bishop of Rome.
102. The Roman Curia is a permanent service to the Pope’s ministry in favour of the
universal Church[128] which, by its nature, is intimately related to episcopal collegiality and
ecclesial synodality. In asking for its reform in the light of the ecclesiology
of communion,
Vatican II emphasised some elements that could promote an increase
of synodality, such as: including diocesan Bishops to "report more fully to the
Supreme Pontiff the thinking, the desires and the needs of all the Churches" and
consulting the laity so that "so that they will have an appropriate role in the
life of the Church"[129].
CHAPTER 4
CONVERSION TO RENEW SYNODALITY
103. Synodality is established to energise the life and evangelising mission of the
Church in union with and under the guidance of the Lord Jesus, who promised:
"where two or three meet in my name, I am there among them" (Matthew
18,20); "look. I am with you always; yes, to the end of the world" (Matthew
28,20). The synodal renewal of the Church happens through the re-vitalisation of
synodal structures, of course, but expresses itself first and foremost in
response to God’s gracious call to live as His People, who journey through
history towards the fulfilment of the Kingdom. This chapter points out some
specific elements of this response: formation for the spirituality of communion
and the practices of listening, dialogue and communal discernment; its relevance
for the ecumenical journey and for prophetic diakonia in building a
social ethos based on fraternity, solidarity and inclusion.
4.1 For a synodal renewal of the life and mission of the Church
104. "Every renewal of the Church is essentially grounded in increase of fidelity
to her own calling"[130]. So, in carrying out her mission, the Church is called to constant conversion,
which is a "pastoral and missionary conversion", too; this involves renewing
mentalities, attitudes, practices and structures, in order to be ever more
faithful to her vocation[131]. An ecclesial mentality shaped by synodal thinking joyfully welcomes and
promotes the grace in virtue of which all the baptised are qualified and called
to be missionary disciples. The great challenge for pastoral conversion that
follows from this for the life of the Church is to intensify the mutual
collaboration of all in evangelising witness based on everyone’s gifts and
roles, without clericalising lay people and without turning the clergy into lay
people, and in any case avoiding the temptation of "an excessive clericalism
which keeps them [lay people] away from decision-making"[132].
105. Pastoral conversion for the implementation of synodality means that some
paradigms often still present in ecclesiastical culture need to be quashed,
because they express an understanding of the Church that has not been renewed by
the ecclesiology of communion. These include: the concentration of
responsibility for mission in the ministry of Pastors; insufficient appreciation
of the consecrated life and charismatic gifts; rarely making use of the specific
and qualified contribution of the lay faithful, including women, in their areas
of expertise.
106. In the perspective of communion and implementing synodality, some basic lines
of orientation in pastoral action can be indicated:
a. the implementation in the local Church and on every level of the circular
relationship between the ministry of Pastors, the participation and
co-responsibility of lay people, the stimulus coming from the charismatic gifts
according to the dynamic circular link between "one", "some" and "all";
b. the integration of the exercise of collegiality by Pastors and the synodality
lived by the whole People of God as an expression of communion between local
Churches within the universal Church;
c. the exercise of the Petrine ministry of unity and leadership of the universal
Church by the Bishop of Rome in the communion of all local Churches, in synergy
with the collegial ministry of Bishops and the synodal journey of the People of
God;
d. the openness of the Catholic Church towards other Churches and ecclesial
communities in the irreversible commitment to journeying together towards
complete unity in the reconciled diversity of their respective traditions;
e. social diakonia and constructive dialogue with men and women of different
religious confessions and convictions in order to bring about together a culture
of encounter.
4.2 The spirituality of communion and formation for synodal life
107. The ethos of the Church, the People of God gathered together by the Father and
led by the Holy Spirit to become, in Christ, "like a sacrament or as a sign and
instrument both of a very closely knit union with God and of the unity of the
whole human race"[133], bursts forth from and is nourished by personal conversion to the spirituality
of communion[134]. All the Church’s members are called to accept this conversion as a gift and
pledge of the Spirit to be lived out in deference to His guidance, and to learn
to live in communion the grace received in baptism and brought to fulfilment in
the Eucharist: the paschal transition from "I" understood in a self-centred way
to the ecclesial "we", where every "I", clothed in Christ (cf. Galatians
3,27), lives and journeys with his or her brothers and sisters as a responsible
and active agent of the one mission of the People of God.
Hence the need for the Church to become "the home and school of communion"[135]. Without conversion of heart and mind and without disciplined training for
welcoming and listening to one another the external instruments of communion
would be of hardly any use; on the contrary, they could be transformed into mere
heartless, faceless masks. "While the wisdom of the law, by providing precise
rules for participation, attests to the hierarchical structure of the Church and
averts any temptation to arbitrariness or unjust claims, the spirituality of
communion, by prompting a trust and openness wholly in accord with the dignity
and responsibility of every member of the People of God, supplies institutional
reality with a soul"[136].
108. The same dispositions that are required to live and bring to maturity the
sensus fidei, with which all believers are endowed, are also required to put
it to use on the synodal path. This is an essential point in forming people in a
synodal spirit, since we live in a culture where the demands of the Gospel and
even human virtues are not often the object of appreciation or sufficient
preparation[137]. It is worth remembering these dispositions: participation in the life of the
Church centred on the Eucharist and the Sacrament of Reconciliation; listening
to the Word of God in order to enter into a dialogue with it and put it into
practice; following the Magisterium in its teachings on faith and morals; the
awareness of being members of each other as the Body of Christ and of being sent
to our brothers and sisters, first and foremost to the poorest and the most
excluded. It is about attitudes summed up in the formula sentire cum Ecclesia:
"to feel, sense and perceive in harmony with the Church" which "unites all the
members of the People of God as they make their pilgrim journey" and is "the key
to their 'walking together'"[138]. In reality, it is about revealing the spirituality of communion as "the
guiding principle of education wherever individuals and Christians are formed,
wherever ministers of the altar, consecrated persons and pastoral workers are
trained, wherever families and communities are being built up"[139].
109. The Eucharistic synaxis is the source and paradigm of the spirituality of
communion. In it are expressed the specific elements of Christian life that are
called to mould the affectus synodalis.
a. The invocation of the Trinity. The Eucharistic synaxis starts from the invocation of the Blessed Trinity.
Gathered by the Father, in the outpouring of the Holy Spirit the Church becomes
the living sacrament of Christ: "Where two or three meet in my name, I am there
among them" (Matthew 18,19). The unity of the Blessed Trinity in the
communion of the three divine Persons is revealed in the Christian community,
which is called to live "the unity of God’s sons in truth and charity"[140], in the exercise of the various gifts and charisms received from the Holy
Spirit for the common good.
b. Reconciliation. The Eucharistic synaxis paves the way for communion by means of reconciliation
with God and our brothers and sisters. The confessio peccati celebrates
the Father’s merciful love and expresses the desire to follow not the way of
division caused by sin but the path to unity: "If you are bringing your offering
to the altar and there remember that your brother has something against you…, go
and be reconciled with your brother first, and then come back and present your
offering" (Matthew 5,23-24). Synodal events presume that we recognise our
frailties and request forgiveness from each other. Reconciliation is the way to
live the new evangelisation.
c. Listening to the Word of God. In the Eucharistic synaxis we listen to the Word in order to accept its
message and let it illuminate our path. We learn how to hear God’s voice by
meditating on Scripture, especially the Gospel, by celebrating the sacraments,
above all the Eucharist, and by welcoming our brothers and sisters, especially
the poor. Whoever exercises pastoral ministry and is called to break the bread
of the Word along with the Eucharistic bread needs to be familiar with the life
of the community, in order to communicate God’s message in the here and now of
its life. The dialogical structure of the Eucharistic liturgy is the paradigm of
community discernment: before listening to each other, disciples must listen to
the Word.
d. Communion. The Eucharist "creates communion and fosters communion"[141] with God and with our brothers and sisters. Generated by Christ through
the Holy Spirit, communion is shared by men and women who, as baptised people,
have equal dignity and receive different vocations from the Father and live them
out responsibly - vocations which spring from baptism, confirmation, Holy Orders
and from specific gifts of the Holy Spirit - to form a single Body from many
members. The rich and free convergence of this plurality in unity is what is set
in motion in synodal events.
e. Mission. Ite, missa est. Communion made real in the Eucharist spurs us on to
mission. Whoever partakes of the Body and Blood of Christ is called to share the
joyous experience of it with everyone. Every synodal event prompts the Church to
go outside the camp (cf. Hebrews 13,13) in order to bring Christ to
people who are waiting to be saved by Him. Saint Augustine says that we need "to
be of one heart and one mind on our journey towards God"[142]. The unity of the community is not real without this inner télos which
guides it along the paths of time towards its eschatological goal, "that God may
be all in all" (1 Corinthians 15,28). We must always face up to the
question: how can we truly be a synodal Church unless we live "moving outwards"
towards everyone in order to go together towards God?
4.3 Listening and dialogue for communal discernment
110. The synodal life of the Church comes about thanks to the implementation of
genuine communication of faith, life and missionary commitment among all its
members. It gives expression to the communio sanctorum which lives from
prayer, is nourished by the Sacraments, flourishes in love of each other and of
everyone, grows by sharing the joys and trials of the Bride of Christ.
Communication needs to become explicit through the community listening to the
Word of God in order to know "what the Spirit is saying to the Churches" (Apocalypse
2,29). "A synodal Church is a Church which listens…. The faithful People, the
College of Bishops, the Bishop of Rome: all listening to each other; and all
listening to the Holy Spirit"[143].
111. Synodal dialogue depends on courage both in speaking and in listening. It is
not about engaging in a debate where one speaker tries to get the better of the
others or counters their positions with brusque arguments, but about expressing
whatever seems to have been suggested by the Holy Spirit as useful for communal
discernment, at the same time being open to accepting whatever has been
suggested by the same Spirit in other people’s positions, "for the general good"
(1 Corinthians 12,7).
The criterion according to which "unity prevails over conflict" is of particular
value in conducting a dialogue, managing different opinions and experiences and
learning "a style of constructing history, a vital field where conflicts,
tensions and opposites can reach a pluriform unity which generates new life",
making it possible to "build communion amid disagreement"[144]. Actually, dialogue offers the opportunity to acquire new perspectives and
points of view in order to shed light on the solution of the matter in question.
It is a matter of adopting "a relational way of viewing the world, which then
becomes a form of shared knowledge, vision through the eyes of another and a
shared vision of all that exists"[145]. For the
Blessed Paul VI true dialogue is spiritual communication[146], which requires specific attitudes: love, respect, trust and prudence[147]; "Dialogue thrives on friendship, and most especially on service"[148]. Because truth - as
Benedict XVI emphasised - "is lógos which creates
diá-logos and hence communication and communion"[149].
112. An essential attitude in synodal dialogue is humility, which inclines each one
to be obedient to God’s will and obedient to each other in Christ[150]. The Apostle Paul, in the Letter to the Philippians, illustrates what it
means and how it works in relation to the life of communion to be "of a single
mind (φρόνησις), one in love (άγάπη), one in heart and one in mind" (2,2). He
homes in on two temptations which undermine the life of the community: The
spirits of jealousy (έριθεία) and vanity (κενοδοξία) (2,3a). By contrast, the
attitude to have is humility (ταπεινοφρυσύνη): either by seeing others as more
important than ourselves, or by putting the common good and interest first
(2,3b-4). Here Paul recalls Him in whom, through faith, we became a community:
"Make your own the mind of Christ Jesus" (2,5). The φρόνησις of the disciples
must be that which we receive from the Father if we are living in Christ. The
kenosis of Christ (2,7-10) is the radical form of His obedience to the
Father and for the disciples it is the call to feel, think and discern together
with humility the will of God in following the Master and Lord.
113. Exercising discernment is at the heart of synodal processes and events. That
is the way it has always been in the synodal life of the Church. The
ecclesiology of communion and the specific spirituality and praxis that follow
on from it involve the mission of the entire People of God, so that it becomes
"necessary today more than ever (…) to be formed in the principles and methods
of a way of discernment that is not only personal but also communitarian"[151]. It is a matter of the Church, by means of the theologal interpretation of the
signs of the times under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, travelling the path
that is to be followed in service of God’s plan brought to eschatological
fulfilment in Christ[152], which also has to be fulfilled in every kairós throughout history[153]. Communal discernment allows us to discover God’s call in a particular
historical situation[154].
114. Communal discernment implies carefully and courageously listening to "the
groans" of the Spirit (cf. Romans 8,26) which emerge through the explicit
or sometimes silent cry that goes up from the People of God: "to listen to God,
so that with Him we may hear the cry of His People; to listen to His People
until we are in harmony with the will to which God calls us"[155]. A disciple of Christ must be like a preacher, who "has to contemplate the
Word, but he also has to contemplate his people"[156]. Discernment must be carried out in a space of prayer, meditation, reflection
and study, which we need to hear the voice of the Spirit; by means of sincere,
serene and objective dialogue with our brothers and sisters; by paying attention
to the real experiences and challenges of every community and every situation;
in the exchange of gifts and in the convergence of all energies in view of
building up the Body of Christ and proclaiming the Gospel; in the melting-pot of
feelings and thoughts that enable us to understand the Lord’s will; by searching
to be set free by the Gospel from any obstacle that might weaken our openness to
the Spirit.
4.4 Synodality and the ecumenical journey
115.
Vatican II teaches that the Catholic Church, in which subsists the one,
universal Church of Christ[157], for many reasons sees herself united with all those who have been baptised[158] and that "the Spirit of Christ has not refrained from using them as means
of salvation which derive their efficacy from the very fullness of grace and
truth entrusted to the Church"[159]. Hence the commitment of the Catholic faithful to journey together with other
Christians towards full and visible unity in the presence of the Crucified and
Risen Lord, who alone is able to heal the wounds inflicted on His Body
throughout history, and to reconcile differences with the gift of the Holy
Spirit, according to the truth, in love.
Ecumenical commitment marks out a journey involving the whole People of God and
demands conversion of heart and openness to each other in order to demolish the
walls of diffidence which have separated Christians from each other for
centuries and in order to discover, share and rejoice in the many riches that
unite us as gifts of the one Lord in virtue of the baptism we share: from prayer
to hearing the Word and experiencing the love we have for each other in Christ,
from witnessing to the Gospel to serving the poor and outcasts, from commitment
to a society of justice and solidarity to a commitment to peace and the common
good.
116. It is important to acknowledge with joy that, in our time, ecumenical dialogue
has come to recognise synodality as something that reveals the nature of the
Church, something essential to its unity in the variety of its manifestations.
There is convergence on the notion of the Church as koinonía, which is
realised in each local Church and in its relation with the other Churches, by
means of specific synodal structures and processes.
In the dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church, the recent
Chieti Document states that, in the First Millennium, in East and West,
ecclesial communion, with firm roots in the Blessed Trinity[160], developed "structures of synodality inseparably linked with primacy"[161]; the theological and canonical legacy of these structures is "a necessary
reference-point…. to heal the wound of their division at the beginning of the
Third Millennium"[162].
The document of the World Council of Churches’ Commission on Faith and Order,
The Church. Towards a Common Vision, emphasises that "under the guidance of
the Holy Spirit, the whole Church is synodal/conciliar, at all levels of
ecclesial life: local, regional and universal. The quality of synodality or
conciliarity reflects the mystery of the trinitarian life of God, and the
structures of the Church express this quality so as to actualise the community’s
life as a communion"[163].
117. Consensus on this vision of the Church allows us to focus our attention,
serenely and objectively, on the important theological knots that still need to
be untied. In the first place, there is the question concerning the relationship
between participation in synodal life by all the baptised, in whom the Spirit of
Christ arouses and nourishes the sensus fidei and the consequent
competence and responsibility in the discernment of mission, and the authority
proper to Pastors, which derives from a specific charism that is conferred
sacramentally; in the second place, there is the interpretation of communion
between the local Churches and the universal Church expressed through communion
between their Pastors and the Bishop of Rome, with the determination of how much
pertains to the legitimate plurality of forms expressing faith in various
cultures and what belongs to its perennial identity and its Catholic unity.
In this context, the implementation of synodal life and a deeper appreciation of
its theological significance are a challenge and an enormous opportunity in
continuing on our ecumenical journey. In creative fidelity to the depositum
fidei and consistent with the criterion of the hierarchia veritatum[164], the horizon of synodality actually shows us how promising that exchange of
gifts is, by which we can enrich each other as we journey towards unity: the
reconciled harmony of the inexhaustible riches of the mystery of Christ,
reflected in the beauty of the face of the Church.
4.5 Synodality and social diakonia
118. The People of God journeys through history in order to share with all the
leaven, the salt, the light of the Gospel. That is why "evangelisation also
involves the path of dialogue"[165] which we take with our brothers and sisters of the various religions,
world-views and cultures which search for truth and commit themselves to build
up justice, in order to open everyone’s hearts and minds to recognise the
presence of Christ who walks beside us. Initiatives involving encounter,
dialogue and co-operation win credence as precious stages on our common
pilgrimage and the synodal journey of the People of God shows itself to be a
school of life where we acquire the ethos needed to practise dialogue
with all - without irenicism or compromise. In fact today, when growing
awareness of the interdependence between peoples forces us to think of the world
as our common home, the Church is called to demonstrate that her Catholicity and
the synodal way in which she lives and works are a catalyst of unity in
diversity and of communion in freedom. This is a significant contribution that
the life and synodal conversion of the People of God can make to the promotion
of a culture of encounter and solidarity, respect and dialogue, inclusion and
integration, gratitude and gift.
119. The Church’s synodal life presents itself, in particular, as diakonia
in the promotion of a social, economical and political life of all peoples under
the banner of justice, solidarity and peace. "God, in Christ, redeems not only
the individual person, but also the social relations existing between them"[166]. The practice of dialogue and the search for effective joint solutions by which
we commit ourselves to peace and justice are an absolute priority in a situation
where there is a structural crisis in the procedures of democratic participation
and a loss of confidence in its principles and inspirational values, with the
threat of authoritarian and technocratic aberrations. In this context, it is an
important obligation and a criterion of all social action of the People of God
to hear the cry of the poor and the cry of the earth[167], and to draw attention urgently, in determining society’s choices and plans, to
the place and the privileged role of the poor, the universal destination of
goods, the primacy of solidarity and care for our common home.
CONCLUSION
JOURNEYING TOGETHER IN THE PARRHESIA OF THE SPIRIT
120.
Pope Francis teaches that "to walk together is the constitutive way of
the Church; the figure that enables us to interpret reality with the eyes
and heart of God; the condition for following the Lord Jesus and being
servants of life in this wounded time. The breath and pace of the Synod show
what we are, and the dynamism of communion that animates our decisions; only in
this way can we truly renew our pastoral ministry and adapt it to the mission of
the Church in today’s world; only in this way can we address the complexity of
this time, thankful for the journey accomplished thus far, and determined to
continue it with parrhesia"[168].
121. The parrhesía of the Spirit required the People of God on its synodal
journey is the trust, frankness and courage to "enter into the expanse of God’s
horizon" in order to "ensure that a sacrament of unity exists in the world and
that man is therefore not destined for dispersion and confusion"[169]. The lived and enduring experience of synodality is, for the People of God, a
source of the joy promised by Jesus, a catalyst of new life, the springboard for
a new phase of missionary commitment.
May Mary, Mother of God and Mother of the Church, who "joined the disciples in
praying for the coming of the Holy Spirit (cf. Acts 1,14), and thus made
possible the missionary outburst which took place at Pentecost"[170], accompany the synodal pilgrimage of the People of God, pointing the way and
teaching us the beautiful, tender and strong style of this new phase of
evangelisation.
Notes