THE MONASTERY
WILL BE A CHINESE HOUSE:
THREE TEXTS by JEHAN JOLIET
App 2; pp. 321-334
 

 Jean Joliet and Raphael Vinciarelli


CHRISTIAN MONKS on CHINESE SOIL
A HISTORY of MONASTIC MISSIONS to CHINA

Matteo Nicolini-Zani. transl. Sophia Senyk and William Skudlarek, OSB.
Liturgical Press (2016).  ISBN: 978-0814646991.


 1. “A PROJECT for a CHINESE MONASTERY” [1922] (pp.321-325).

 2. “A MONASTIC TASK” [1928] (pp.325-328).

 3. “MONASTIC FORMATION in CHINA” [1928] pp.(328-333).


1. “A PROJECT for a CHINESE MONASTERY” [1]
[1922] (pp.321-325 )


[A.] Guiding Ideas

“Les idées directrices :

The intention is to found a monastery with the Divine Office and prayer and, for work, principally intellectual work.

L’intention est de fonder un monastère chinois, avec une vie de retraite, de prière et de travail, principalement de travail intellectuel.

Apart from the interest in public prayer prayed in China by Chinese, from this follow developments and fruits for the conversion and the christianization of China.

Outre l’intérêt de la prière publique réalisée en Chine par des Chinois, il y a les développements et les fruits qui en résultent pour la conversion et la christianisation de la Chine.

Education is something laborious and long, all the more so that education which is the Christian life, and even more so when it is a matter of an entire people. Of course, God can do everything, but we see always and even at the beginning by the conversion of the Roman Empire that he works slowly, progressively, and as if submitting himself to the natural law of mankind. Christianity, substantially complete at the moment of conversion, grows strong and takes root so as to embrace the whole man and all of society.

L’éducation est chose laborieuse et longue, plus encore cette éducation qui est la vie chrétienne, plus encore s’il s’agit de tout un peuple.Bien certainement Dieu peut tout, mais nous le voyons tous les fours et même au début de son Eglise pour la conversion de l’Empire Romain, il agit lentement, progressivement et comme se soumettant aux lois naturelles de l’humanité. Le Christianisme, complet en substance dès l’instant de la conversion se fortifie et s’enracine pour embrasser tout l’homme et toute La société.

Then, by a truly divine condescension, God does not despise any man or race; he not only permits but wants the growth [p.322] of every Christian body to embrace its natural characteristics. For each person or each Christian people there is a harmonious coupling of the natural and the supernatural, and both profit from this.

Mais par une condescendance vraiment divine, Dieu ne hait ni homme ni race : non seulement Il permet, mais Il veut que la croissance de chaque unité chrétienne épouse en quelque manière ses caractéristiques naturelles. Il y a pour chacun, homme ou peuple chrétien, suture harmonieuse du naturel et du surnaturel, et les deux en profitent.

Let us pass to concrete things: the conversion of pagan Chinese is to be made by Christian Europeans; the result to be obtained is the composite Chinese Christian. On both sides there has been a centuries-old association with interpenetration of the natural element with the religious. Because of this there is a great risk of imposing on the Chinese a European Christianity; and then the harmonious coupling will be missing. On the other hand, there is the opposite danger of pruning European Christianity too much out of excessive respect for the Chinese mentality.

Venons au cas concret : le résultat à obtenir est une Chine chrétienne. Mais, il faut compter avec l’association séculaire et l’interpénétration de deux éléments, le national et le religieux. D’où les risques sont grands de plaquer sur les Chinois un christianisme européen, car alors la suture harmonieuse est manquée. D’autre part, il y a le danger inverse d’élaguer trop dans le christianisme européen, par respect excessif de la mentalité chinoise.

The principal place where these elements can be harmoniously fused is the monastery. Because of its strong discipline and complete Christianity, and because of its solitude and retreat from the masses, Christianity can be grafted in peace and leisure on the old Chinese trunk. With Chinese and European monks living together in the fraternity of the cloister, Chinese culture will be sifted almost unnoticeably and imperceptibly from its pagan tares, while the seeds providentially deposited in it will come to bloom in Christianity. At the same time Chinese literature will be the object of a long historical and scientific scrutiny so as to bring it closer to Christianity and penetrate it with its influence. The periodical of the Kiangnan [Jiangnan] mission L’École en Chine noted with disappointment: Catholic Chinese literature is meager; moreover it is almost exclusively in a style very, indeed excessively, popular. This is an evil of the beginnings, which Greece and Rome have known, but the perfidious efforts of Julian and the resistance of Gregories and Basils show well how important it is that Christianity not remain at the margins of the national culture. In the monastery or under its influence writers will be formed who will not make simple translations or hasty adaptations, but will rethink in Chinese the immutable Christian truths and thus will make them penetrate more deeply among their compatriots.

Le foyer où fusionner heureusement ces éléments sera le monastère. Grâce à sa forte discipline et à son christianisme complet, comme aussi par la retraite et la séparation de la foule, on pourra, dans la paix et le loisir, greffer sûrement le christianisme sur le vieux tronc chinois. Dans la cohabitation fraternelle du clottre, comme sans y penser et insensiblement, la culture chinoise se dépouillera de ses tares paiennes tandis que se développeront les germes providentiels disposés en elle pour s’épanouir dans le christianisme. Tout en même temps se ferait un long labeur historique et scientifique sur la littérature chinoise qui aboutirait à lui donner une floraison chrétienne. La défunte revue L’Ecole de Chine de la mission du Kiang-Nan le constatait avec regret : ‘la littérature chinoise catholique est peu nombreuse, et de plus dans un style très et trop vulgaire’. un mal des débuts que la Grèce et Rome ont connu, mais les efforts perfides de Julien, comme la résistance de Basile et de Grégoire montrent bien l’importance extrême que le christianisme ne reste pas en marge de la culture nationale. Dans le monastère ou sous son influence, se formeraient des écrivains qui ne feraient pas de simples traductions ou adaptations hâtives des livres européens, mais qui repenseraient en chinois les vérités chrétiennes immuables et les feraient ainsi pénétrer plus à fond chez leurs compatriotes.

This [monastery] will be a center of religious life where the best and the most highly educated local Christians will be able to come to strengthen and revive their faith. This will also be a hospitable center for all Chinese, who will find there sincere love and a knowledge of [p.323] all that makes for the glory and character of their civilization. Christians in China are for the most part déclassé or very insignificant people, but God has also the right, and we have the duty to realize this right, to the worship of the great and the cultured. The monastery will show them Christianity free of all European protection, acting and expanding in a Chinese atmosphere.

Ce serait un centre de vie religieuse où les chrétiens les meilleurs et les plus cultivés pourraient venir fortifier et revivifier leur foi. Ce serait aussi un foyer hospitalier à tous les Chinois qui y trouveraient l’amour sincère et la connaissance de tout ce qui fait la gloire et le caractère de leur civilisation. Les chrétiens sont, en Chine, pour le plus grand nombre, des déclassés ou de très petites gens. Mais Dieu a droit aussi -et nous avons le devoir de réaliser ce droit- à l’hommage des grands et des savants. Le monastère leur montrera le christianisme dégagé de toute tutelle européenne, se mouvant et s’épanouissant dans une atmosphère chinoise.

 

 

With resurgence of nationalism all over the world and in China, ancient difficulties will become exacerbated. The most reverend father general of the Jesuits, in two letters of 1918 and 1919, has shown very well the special danger for China. The great number of conversions, which has doubled the Christian population in less than twenty years, makes the problem even more urgent. A Chinese monastery will contribute slowly and surely to give legitimate satisfaction to the mounting aspirations of Christians to diminish the foreign portion in their religion before it is carried out by force. It will, at the same time, increase their faith and their union with Rome.

C’est [p.266] Avec le regain de nationalisme dans le monde entier, et en Chine, de vieilles difficultés vont à s’exaspérer. Même le grand nombre des conversions qui a fait doubler la population chrétienne en moins de vingt ans, rend le problème plus urgent. Donner une satisfaction légitime, et avant qu’elle ne soit arrachée par la force, aux aspirations montantes des chrétiens à diminuer la part de l’étranger dans leur religion, tout en accroissant leur foi et leur union à Rome, c’est à quoi contribuera lentement et sûrement le monastère chinois.

Certain pages of the apostolic letter Maximum Illud of Benedict XV appear to regard China especially, and the foundation outlined here seems to respond to the aim of the Holy See.

Il semblait bien que certaines pages de la lettre apostolique Maximum Illud de Benoît XV visassent spécialement la Chine, et que la fondation que l’on vient d’esquisser répondit aux directions du Saint-Siège.

“My joy became even greater and my gratitude to God more lively at reading about the recent encyclical of His Holiness Pius XI on the missions. The precision, insistence, and vigor of the apostolic recommendations fulfill all my desires. And it is not without profound emotion that after more than thirty years of waiting I heard the moving appeal made to the superiors of monastic institutes to establish houses in China, among these populations that God has predisposed as if naturally to the contemplative life.”

Mais la joie a grandi encore et la reconnaissance à Dieu s’est avivée à la lecture de la récente Encyclique de Sa Sainteté Pie XI sur les missions. La netteté, l’insistance et la vigueur des recommandations apostoliques comblent tous nos désirs. Et ce n’est pas sans une profonde émotion qu’après plus de trente années d’attente, j’entendais l’appel pathétique fait aux Supérieurs des Instituts monastiques d’établir des maisons en Chine, parmi ces populations que Dieu a, comme naturellement, prédisposées à la vie contemplative.

[These two paragraphs are not given in Nicolini]

 

To realize the foundation of the Monastery in a way that was both prudent and effective, the conviction was made that it was necessary to proceed in two stages. First, the dispatch of a very small mission, two or three monks who, while learning the language and customs and Chinese as best they could, would study men and things, the climatic conditions and others so important for the stability of our lives, the chances of recruitment and resources, and already would seek to group a few applicants. When the internship was deemed sufficient and the foundation decided, then would come other monks from Europe who would find a Chinese atmosphere and life as soon as they arrived. This delay, so useful for the good establishment and the Chinese character of the monastery, would also greatly facilitate the meeting of candidates, as well as resources.

Pour réaliser la fondation du Monastère d’une manière à la fois prudente et efficace, la conviction s’est faite qu’il fallait procéder par deux étapes. D’abord l’envoi d’une mission très peu nombreuse, deux ou trois moines qui tout en apprenant la langue et les moeurs et se chinoisant de leur mieux, étudieraient les hommes et les choses, les conditions de climat et autres si importantes pour la stabilité de notre vie, les chances de recrutement et de ressources, et déjà chercheraient à grouper quelques postulants. Quand le stage serait jugé suffisant et la fondation décidée, alors viendraient d’autres moines d’Europe qui trouveraient dès leur arrivée une ambiance et une vie chinoises. Ce délai, si utile pour le bon établissement et le caractère chinois du monastère, faciliterait grandement aussi la réunion des candidats, ainsi que des ressources.

You have known my Rme Father for a long time, my projects and my wishes, especially through Commander Rey who, for years, has devoted himself with such enlightened and tireless zeal to the foundation of the Chinese monastery. And it was the Holy Father himself who, in an audience of February 8, 1924, granted to him and to the Chinese student Jean Chang carrying a petition for the same purpose, declared to him: ‘I bless the work you are working on. Go to Dom de Stotzingen, the Primate of the Benedictines, he is the one who can settle this matter. I keep you, my Rme Father, a deep gratitude which will remain in the Chinese Monastery, for the paternal and devoted solicitude with which you have welcomed this project and for the instances you have made, even in the name of the Holy Father with the Rme Father Abbot of Solesmes, and still of Abbots from other Congregations

Vous connaissez depuis longtemps, mon Rme Père, mes projets et mes voeux, surtout par l’intermédiaire du Commandant Rey qui, depuis des années, se dévoue avec un zèle si éclairé et infatigable à la fondation du monastère chinois. Et c’est le Saint-Père lui-même qui, en audience du 8 février 1924, accordée à lui et à l’étudiant chinois Jean Chang porteur d’une supplique dans le même but, lui a déclaré : ‘Je bénis l’oeuvre à laquelle vous travaillez. Allez à Dom de Stotzingen, le Primat des Bénédictins, c’est lui qui peut arranger cette affaire’. Je vous garde, mon Rme Père, une vive reconnaissance qui demeurera dans le Monastère Chinois, pour la sollicitude paternelle et dévouée avec laquelle vous avez accueilli ce projet et pour les instances que vous avez faites, même au nom du Saint-Père auprès du Rme Père Abbé de Solesmes, et encore d’Abbés d’autres Congrégations (1).”

 

 

 

 

There are peoples already illuminated maturely by the Gospel, who have reached such a degree of civilization that in the variety of arts and sciences they vaunt eminent men, yet after several centuries of the influence of the Gospel and of the church they still do not have bishops to govern them or priests who may guide efficaciously their fellow-citizens. . . . It is not enough that they have a native clergy of whatever kind, considered to be of an inferior order... .

 

It is not a case of spreading a human empire, but that of Christ, of procuring clients for the human fatherland, but citizens of the heavenly one. . . . Men, however barbarian and savage, understand well what it is that the missionary wants and demands from them, and have an extremely fine sense if he seeks something other than their spiritual good. If the missionary in some way works for terrestrial interests, if he is not exclusively an apostle, but seems to contribute also to the interests of his homeland, very soon all his zeal will give grave offense to the population and will disseminate the opinion that the Christian religion is limited to a certain foreign nation, so that in embracing it, one has the impression of passing under [p.324] the protection and dependence of a foreign country, losing thus one’s own nationality. . . . One must not be content in any way with a smattering of knowledge of the language, but of knowing it so as to be able to speak it correctly and elegantly. Since the missionary is a debtor to all, to the illiterate as to the intellectuals, . . . by his perfect knowledge of the language he must preserve his own dignity, even when he is asked to deal with high functionaries and is invited to the meetings of the learned. [2]

 

B. The Mode for Carrying This Out

 

Successive indications of Providence will show the road to follow, but here I will make some basic comments on the stages that quite naturally present themselves.

 

1)Recognition. Since the enterprise is new and difficult, following authoritative and pressing advice, some preliminary steps are indispensable. Before deciding anything, two or three monks would pass six months or more in China, beginning to study the language, making contact with the people and familiarizing themselves with the tasks, examining the conditions of life, the chances of recruitment, and the like. Only after this stage, and with full agreement of the episcopal authority, will it be decided where and in what conditions this foundation will be made.

 

2) The first establishment. This will be made with money and monks from Europe. The low prices in China will mean that it will be possible at once to build a kind of monastery for twelve to twenty monks, so as to be from the beginning in an environment appropriate [p.325] to our life. The number of recruits from Europe will be what God wants, but in any case, they should be few. First of all, it is to be noted that few will want this kind of life, will want to embrace resolutely all of Chinese culture, except sin; then, it is desirable that the Chinese monks not feel they are in a milieu too full of foreigners. For recruitment, as for financial resources, after the original establishment, for which help from France and from Europe is counted upon, it will depend on China and especially on Providence.

 

3) The development. This will be as God wants. Authoritative voices, however, lead us prudently to hope for vocations among many young Chinese who have a taste for studies. Missionaries in Cheli [Zhili], in Kiangnan [Jiangnan], in Sechuen [Sichuan] consider recruitment guaranteed. Msgr. de Guébriant, with his vast experience, foretells success. [3]Chinese voices speak similarly. It is to be hoped that there will be gifts of books for the Chinese library, which will be the only luxury, but a necessary one for the monastery. Even as regards money, there are some very generous wealthy Chinese Christians. We hope that the monastery with its prominent Chinese character will especially attract their munificence. Probably there will also be some benefactors among the members of the European colony of the Far East. Thus the monastery, once founded thanks to foreigners, will be, in every aspect, a Chinese house.

 


 

[1] Translation of the manuscript Projet de monastère chinois, preserved in the archives of the Benedictine Abbey of Sint-Andries in Bruges (ASA, Chine, Joliet 4 [Personalia]). The third and final part of the manuscript (“Historique du projet”) has been left out of the present translation. As stated in the first lines of the manuscript, this is a transcription of Jehan Joliet’s original, dated 30 May 1922. The same text is repeated almost entirely in a letter of J. Joliet to the abbot primate, F. von Stotzingen, dated 30 May 1926, cited in Henri-Philippe Delcourt, Dom Jehan Joliet (1870-1937). Un projet de monachisme bénédictin chinois (Paris: Cerf, 1988), 265-67. The expressions in italics in the text are underlined in the manuscript.

[2] Here the author cites in French, and not always literally, some passages of the apostolic letter on missionary activity in the world Maximum Illud, promulgated by Pope Benedict XV on 30 November 1919. Cf. the original text in Acta Apostolicae Sedis 11 (1919): 440-55, especially 445-49 for the passages quoted here. In the letter addressed to F. von Stotzingen of 30 May 1926 (cf. supra, p. 321, n. 1) immediately after mentioning Maximum Illud, Joliet adds: “My joy became even greater and my gratitude to God more lively at reading about the recent encyclical of His Holiness Pius XI on the missions. The precision, insistence, and vigor of the apostolic recommendations fulfill all my desires. And it is not without profound emotion that after more than thirty years of waiting I heard the moving appeal made to the superiors of monastic institutes to establish houses in China, among these populations that God has predisposed as if naturally to the contemplative life.” Cited in Delcourt, Dom Jehan Joliet, 266.: [Mais la joie a grandi encore et la reconnaissance à Dieu s’est avivée à la lecture de la récente Encyclique de Sa Sainteté Pie XI sur les missions. La netteté, l’insistance et la vigueur des recommandations apostoliques comblent tous nos désirs. Et ce n’est pas sans une profonde émotion qu’après plus de trente années d’attente, j’entendais l’appel pathétique fait aux Supérieurs des Instituts monastiques d’établir des maisons en Chine, parmi ces popula­tions que Dieu a, comme naturellement, prédisposées à la vie contemplative.]

[3] Jean-Baptiste Budes de Guébriant (1860–1935) was vicar apostolic of Kientchang (Jianchang) from 1910 to 1916 and of Canton (Guangzhou) from 1916 to 1921. In 1919 he was apostolic visitator in China. In 1921 he became superior general of MEP

 


2. “A MONASTIC TASK”
[1928] (pp.325-328)


. . . The monks who at present are attempting to plant monastic life in China do not come either to play a role or to justify a program. The monastery is a place where Christians come together for prayer, retreat, and work, and to develop in peace their natural and supernatural faculties. Their external flourishing will be regulated by Providence. It happens, however, that by its very existence and [p.326] in its fundamental constitution the monastery can make a real contribution to the immense effort for peace in China.

I have said that the success of every initiative of drawing closer or of union requires a precondition, treatment as equals. My thoughts are not to be misconstrued: this treatment as equals is not a tactic, a measure of prudence or of opportunity, an artifice to win goodwill. No, this is the outward manifestation of the human and Christian conviction that this equality really exists. Now, a monastery is an absurdity if it does not foster the radical equality of its members.

This is true, it will be said, of every religious house, and even of many other associations. Nevertheless, an integral element of monastic life peremptorily reinforces this equality: stability in the local context. When a monastery is fully constituted, it is autonomous, it recruits its members locally, and it chooses its own superior. A monastery in China is destined by fate to become a Chinese monastery or to disappear if the recruitment does not occur. It is not a European establishment with a limited addition of Chinese members or a play of rules that ensure the preponderance or the direction of foreign monks. Automatically, and the sooner the better, the house will become truly Chinese; even if there is a certain inequality and preference, it can be said that it will be in favor of the Chinese and not against them. . . . There is, thus, assurance of a favorable terrain, of an acceptable basis for collaboration. Neither for the monks themselves, nor for its guests, nor for the public is the monastery a fortress of foreign influence; it is autochthonous. It is not a question of creating a cyst on the Chinese body, but rather of living from the same sap and the same blood.

What is lacking for many works is time and tranquility. This double favor is assured by the monastic life. Since the monks do not exercise a regular ministry outside, but normally remain in the cloister all their life, where they have the resources of a library, they enjoy the conditions of long and profound study without having to hasten its stages. For linguistic, historical, philosophical, and religious studies, especially useful for a better understanding of the two civilizations, Western and Chinese, we can therefore hope for good results (naturally, this does not guarantee either intelligence or work). Another very necessary advantage in this kind of work is cordial [p.327] and daily collaboration. It is necessary that in such delicate matters the work of one be verified and sustained by that of others, without which there is the risk that instead of differences being attenuated and harmonized, they will be made more acute and rendered irrec-óncilable. Such collaboration is found naturally in the cloister and will be aided also by contact with guests, whose assiduous presence is one of the traits of Benedictine monasticism. . . .

The monastery, [however], is not an academy or a meeting place of intellectuals; the vast majority of monks will have no part in this work. Only, in accordance with the tradition of the order, and, it seems, following the signs of present circumstances in China, it can be foreseen that in the future monastery fruitful intellectual activity will have a special place.

. . . The monastery appears as a place favorable to the exploration of the Chinese enigma. In fact, we will approach this mystery in its totality through fraternal life led in common. And if we should ever contribute to appreciating it, this will be much more the fruit of our simple monastic life than the result of our research and of our historical works.

. . . We Christians, who believe that Christ has received all nations as his inheritance, feel deeply that something is lacking in the fullness of the body of Jesus Christ as long as all peoples have not entered it. It is not only a question of numbers and because God wants the salvation of all people, but because each man and every people have their own beauty, which will make the beauty of others and the harmony of all shine the more. Then, when the divided West is faced by the enormous mass of Chinese, it seems impossible to those who believe in the unity of creation and the redemption of the entire human race, that such a multitude of such an ancient civilization has nothing to bring to the church except its numbers. If we are so proud of our quality as whites, are there not among the yellow race too natural virtues, which, made fertile by the blood of Christ, will bring new luster to the church of tomorrow? . . .

A young man of Canton, particularly brilliant, a zealous Catholic and convinced about Western advantages, methods, and sciences, one day said to me, in talking about missionaries: “But why do they want to westernize us? No, let the world continue to have its different kinds [p.328] of beauty. It is not a question of westernizing China, no more than that of orientalizing Europe.” If relations with other peoples are well conducted, they should make us more human, more Catholic, I dare to say, while preserving and even strengthening our particular racial qualities, rendered by them finer, more gracious. The European monks present in a Chinese monastery from the beginning, hence, will know that they personally have things to gain and to learn from their Chinese brothers, and they will obtain this gain by the practice of common life. Then, apart from the solely spiritual benefit of the monastic life, which comes from God, there will no longer be benefactors and those who receive benefactions, but a full and true equality and liberty servants of the same Lord who does not know the barriers of nations. . . .

We are monks and we come to disseminate in the land of China the thousand-year-old Western monastic work. The times have changed and the peoples are different. Here there are no barbarians to civilize or nomads to settle. We come to a people of a high and ancient civilization, the most numerous and most compact that earth has known. Following our own vocation as monks we come to take root in its soil, to assimilate and incorporate ourselves into that [Chinese] race and there [in China] to lead our life, ancient and always the same, but supple, adapting ourselves to a new environment. That is the reason and the end of our monastic vocation, and not in erudite research or in lofty problems of the drawing together of civilizations. If now this dissemination and its consequences for Chinese monasticism are to be realized in some way, this would be a great honor and a serene joy for the sons of St. Benedict, of having contributed however little to bring not only to China, but to relations between China and the West a little of that Pax that is their motto.

 


[1] Partial translation of Jehan Joliet, “Un rayon d’espérance en Chine,” La vie intellectuelle (December 1928): 5–23, republished with the title “Une tâche monastique,” BM 10 (1930), supp. no. 1: Le Courrier monastique chinois, 15*–25*, also as a separate offprint.

 


3. “MONASTIC FORMATION in CHINA”[1]
[1930] (pp.328-333).


Since the thirteenth century the vary numerous religious orders and new congregations have adopted as something natural a division [of the monks] into two categories and the institution of lay members.’ This responds to their vocation. In fact, once there is specialization, [p.329] be it preaching, education, care of the sick, or even special consecration to ritual prayer, it becomes useful and often necessary to have assistants vowed to the great and indispensable material services. In the enthusiasm of a beginning or of youth, under the personal influence and the stimulating example of the founder, there exists no doubt a heroic age, when each one gives himself to whatever work comes up, but neither the health of the members, nor good order, nor the institute’s progress permit this to become the ordinary regime.

“Depuis le XIIIe siècle, les ordres religieux et les congrégations nouvelles si multipliés adoptent comme une chose naturelle la division en deux catégories et l’institution des convers. Cela répond à leur vocation. En effet dès qu’il y a spécialisation, dès qu’on est religieux pour une occupation bien déterminée, que ce soit prédication, éducation, soins des malades ou même consécration spéciale à la prière rituelle, il devient utile et souvent nécessaire d’avoir des aides voués aux gros services matériels indispensables. Dans l’enthousiasme d’un début ou de la jeunesse, sous l’influence personnelle et l’exemple entraînant du fondateur, il peut bien avoir un âge héroTque où chacun se donne à tous les travaux ; mais ni les santés, ni le bon ordre, ni le progrès de l’institut ne permettent d’en faire un régime normal.

Up until the twelfth century it was different in the many monasteries of the Christian world. Primitive monastic rules make no provision for lay brothers. This is understandable: monks entered a new family, this time religious, to occupy themselves with God’ under the direction of the abbot. Every monk can and should occupy himself with God. [2] In the great communities, then, there inevitably arise certain specializations, the germ of a division of work.

Il en a été autrement jusqu’au XIIe siècle dans les monastères si nombreux de la Chrétienté. Les règles monastiques primitives ne prévoyaient pas de convers. Cela se comprend aisément : le moine entrait dans une nouvelle famille, celle-ci religieuse, pour vaquer à Dieu sous la direction de l’Abbé. Tout moine peut et doit vaquer à Dieu. On voit bien dans les grandes communautés se constituer fatalement certaines spécialisations, [p.198]  un embryon de division de travail.

Thus, even the Rule of St. Benedict provides that the cellarer be exempted from kitchen work [3] and that the cooks for the guests remain one year at their task. [4] Ten to twenty persons can live in common as if in an enlarged family under the immediate and living direction of the father [abbot]. Make it a hundred or more, and material and moral ruin comes quickly. It is necessary to use the members’ abilities, not to waste them, to favor their development. It would have truly been too bad for the church of God and for the stomach of the religious if St. Bernard or St. Thomas had taken their turn in the kitchen. Similarly, a good cellarer in a large house is a rare bird. Would you send the soloist to run after the cows in muddy fields?

[p.198] Ainsi la règle même de Saint Benott prévoit que le cellerier échappe à la corvée de la cuisine, que les cuisiniers des hôtes demeurent une année dans leur charge. Dix à vingt personnes peuvent vivre en commun comme dans une famille agrandie sous la direction immédiate et vivante du père. Mettez-en cent ou davantage, on irait vite à la ruine matérielle et morale. Il faut user des capacités, ne pas les gaspiller, favoriser leur développement. Dommage vraiment pour l’Eglise de Dieu et pour l’estomac des religieux, si Saint Bernard ou Saint Thomas eussent fait la cuisine à leur tour. De même un bon cellerier d’une grande maison est un oiseau rare. Enverrez-vous le chantre courir après les vaches dans les prés trempés ?

Nevertheless, if there was a division of work in the monastic order, while for many centuries it remained faithful to not having a special and exclusive vocation, this was done for bettet or for worse to answer the needs of the day, but without instituting an organic dualism in [p.330] the community. The pressure of various converging circumstances was needed to impose everywhere the institution of lay members.

Cependant dans l’ordre monastique, restant fidèle à n’avoir pas une vocation spéciale et exclusive, bien des siècles durant, s’il y eut une division du travail, cela se fit tant bien que mal pour obéir aux exigences du jour, mais sans instituer un dualisme organique dans la communauté. Il fallut la poussée convergente de diverses circonstances pour imposer partout l’institution des convers.

The prodigious expansion of monasticism, with its landed properties, often situated at a great distance from the monastery, was a factor iñ this evolution. In such places there were small groups of farmer monks dependent on the mother abbey. Not much was asked for the intellectual culture of the monks, still less of those engaged in agricultural work, isolated for many months or for their entire life from the vivifying atmosphere of the abbey.

La prodigieuse expansion du monachisme avec ses propriétés territoriales, souvent situées à longue distance du monastère fut un facteur de cette évolution. Il y eut de petits groupes de moines : fermiers, dépendant de l’abbaye-mère. On était peu exigeant pour la culture intellectuelle des moines, on le fut moins encore pour ces cultivateurs, isolés de longs mois ou leur vie durant de l’atmosphère vivifiante de l’Abbaye.

During these same centuries in various countries the Romance languages came to be formed, with the progressive abandonment of Latin as the universal language for speaking. Doubtless, from the beginnings there were persons in the monastery who did not speak Latin and especially barbarians and country folk whose Latin was always mediocre and rudimentary. But thanks to the environment, to the daily psalmody, this could go on. Isolate a group of these illiterates in a community of farmer monks, a dead end looms, and the Latin Office becomes impossible. The disappearance of Latin rendered necessary more assiduous studies for those who wanted to speak and understand it. Thus was dug the ditch between clerks and the common folk. This language difficulty rendered the cycle of studies for the priesthood more arduous. The two categories became emphasized automatically: the Latinists more and more destined to the priesthood and the others to our modern lay members.

Dans ces mêmes siècles s’élaborait dans les divers pays la formation des langues romanes et l’abandon progressif de l’universel parler latin. Sans doute il y eut dès l’origine des allophones et surtout beaucoup de barbares et de rustiques au monastère dont le latin fut toujours médiocre et rudimentaire. Mais grâce à l’ambiance, à la psalmodie quotidienne, cela pouvait aller. Isolez un groupe de ces illéttrés dans une communauté de moines fermiers, on court à une impasse et l’office latin devient impossible. La décadence du latin nécessitait des études plus assidues pour ceux qui voulaient continuer à le parler et à l’entendre. Ainsi le fossé se creusait entre les clercs et le vulgaire. Cette difficulté de la langue rendait plus rude le cycle des études et l’ascension au sacerdoce. Les deux catégories s’accentuèrent spontanément : les latinistes de plus en plus destinés tous au sacerdoce et les autres nos convers modernes.

The final blow to the ancient equality of the monks was given by the example and the success of the new orders, which all had lay members, and rightly, as we have seen at the beginning.

Le coup de grâce à l’antique égalité des moines fut donné par l’exemple et le succès des ordres nouveaux qui avaient tous des convers, et à juste titre, comme on l’a vu au début. [p.199]

This is not the place to examine in what measure this was a legitimate and desirable development or a deviation and danger for the full blossoming of monasticism without losing its family character and its repugnance at being a utilitarian organization.

Ce n’est pas le lieu de rechercher dans quelle mesure ce fut un développement légitime et désirable ou une déviation et un danger pour le plein épanouissement du monachisme sans déchéance de son caractère familial et de sa répugnance à une organisation utilitaire.

At-the present time, when it is a question of introducing monasticism in China, it is not superfluous to give thought to healthy conditions for its introduction.

A l’heure présente où il s’agit d’introduire le monachisme en Chine, un examen réfléchi n’est pas superflu des conditions saines de son introduction.

Although China is a highly civilized country, the difference between town and country folk is much less than what it was in Greece and in the Roman Empire and also in many European lands up to [p.331] our own days. Like everywhere, of course, city dwellers like to make fun of country bumpkins, but there is a great similarity or uniformity in their clothing, for example. The form and the construction of the houses is similar; schools have always sprung up spontaneously in the most remote countryside. It is also necessary to note that there are no castes, not even a hereditary nobility, much less a plutocracy among us. There is, no doubt, a refinement of language and of manners surpassing ours to mark the multiple distinctions of the social body, but all the same, there is a proximity between all that would repel us, a spirit of equality, an admirably patient tolerance, an innate politeness with a horror of brutal and violent proceedings. Finally, compared to Europe, there is infinitely less arrogance, disdainful or wounding manners, discomfiture when one is not of the same social circle. This means that those [among the Chinese] who would be lay members in Europe possess much more self-composure, social grace, and ease of manner than their Western brothers, and even than many choir religious of our country! Would not then the rigid distinction between the two categories of monks appear especially out of place here?

Quoique la Chine soit un pays très civilisé, la différence entre citadins et campagnards est beaucoup moindre qu’elle ne l’était en Grèce et dans I’empire romain et encore en beaucoup de contrées d’Europe jusqu’à nos jours. Comme partout bien sûr les habitants de la ville aiment à railler les rustauds, mais il y a grande ressemblance ou identité entre les vêtements par exemple : la forme et la construction . des maisons sont semblables, les écoles ont toujours germé spontanément dans les campagnes les plus reculées. Il faut noter aussi qu’il n’y a pas de castes, pas même de noblesse héréditaire, beaucoup moins de ploutocratie que chez nous. Sans doute il y a un raffinement qui nous dépasse dans le langage et les manières pour marquer les multiples distinctions du corps social mais tout en même temps il y a un contact qui nous répugnerait entre tous, un esprit d’égalité, une tolérance admirablement patiente, une politesse innée avec horreur des procédés brutaux et violents. Enfin infiniment moins qu’en Europe, de morgue, de manières dédaigneuses ou blessantes, de gêne réciproque quand on n’est pas du même monde.C’est dire que ceux qui seraient des convers en Europe ont beaucoup plus de tenue, de savoir-vivre, d’aisance que leurs confrères occidentaux, et même que bien des religieux de choeur de nos pays . Alors la distinction rigide entre deux catégories de moines n’apparaîtrait-elle pas comme spécialement déplacée ici ?

In China the ancient and contemporary habit is to study patiently to an age where in our country one would be ashamed to be still at a school desk. Even in the lowest class it is not rare to come across a worker, once his work is finished, without shame laboriously deciphering out loud his book. The highly cultured, like everywhere, are there in small numbers, but assuredly it is not here that one would find a monk incapable of signing his name. On the other hand, they do not feel pressured, there is nothing of that feverish haste to gain a year in one’s cycle of studies. In fact, if one wants to push them in the Western manner, too often their health suffers, and above all, they don’t have the time to assimilate; it is force-feeding, sometimes successful, because of an excellent memory. I have expounded elsewhere the extreme difficulty and the dangers for them of a school education hasty in the European manner.

En Chine, l’habitude antique et contemporaine encore est d’étudier patiemment à un âge où chez nous on rougirait d’être sur les bancs. Même de la plus basse classe il n’est pas rare de rencontrer un ouvrier son travail terminé clamer péniblement sans honte la lecture de son livre. Les lettrés y sont comme partout en petit nombre, mais bien sûr, ce n’est pas ici qu’on trouverait un moine incapable de signer son nom. D’autre part ils ne sont pas pressés, rien de cette hâte fébrile de gagner une année sur le cycle des études.De fait quand on veut les pousser à la manière occidentale, trop souvent les santés sont ébranlées et surtout ils n’ont pas le temps d’assimiler, c’est un gavage avec parfois de beaux succès, dus à une excellente mémoire. J’ai dit ailleurs l’extrême difficulté et les dangers pour eux d’une formation scolaire hâtive à l’européenne.

We monks, then, who by definition do not have for our goal a special concrete work, we who by a thousand-year-old tradition are not pressured, we who are formed slowly and progressively all through our life, why would we want to impose on them [i.e., the Chinese] [p.332] a method already out of harmony with our own vocation? Isn’t it indicated in such a milieu [i.e., China] to return with confidence to the ancient monastic manner with its six centuries of incomparable splendor? Let us allow time and Providence to act. Let us allow specialization to come about naturally without methodically organizing it. What is wrong if one or another becomes a priest only at the age of fifty? Cases of conscience are not rare and will multiply if God, as one may think, favors religious life here [in China].

Alors nous, moines, qui, par définition n’avons pas d’oeuvre concrète spéciale en vue, nous qui par tradition millénaire ne sommes pas pressés, nous qui nous formons lentement et progressivement toute notre vie durant, pourquoi voudrions-nous leur imposer une méthode déjà en désaccord avec notre propre vocation ? N’est-il pas tout indiqué dans un tel milieu de reprendre avec confiance l’ancienne manière monastique avec ses six siècles d’incomparable splendeur ? Laissons faire le temps et la Providence. Laissons la spécialisation s’effectuer comme naturellement sans organisation méthodique. Quel mal y aurait-il que tel ou tel ne fût prêtre qu’à cinquante ans Le cas de conscience n’est pas rare et ira en se multipliant si Dieu, comme on peut le penser, favorise la vie religieuse ici.

[Let us imagine that] a candidate of twenty years and more knocks at the door. In Sze-Chwan [Sichuan] [5]at least it is a very rare case that he might have already done European-style secondary studies; it is unheard of, unless he comes from a seminary, that he should know Latin; for the rest, I assume he is intelligent and open. If one holds rigidly to present Western monastic customs, one has three choices in answering him:

Un candidat de vingt ans et davantage frappe à la porte. Au Sze-Chwan du moins, c’est une chance rarissime qu’il ait fait des études secondaires à l’européenne, c’est inoui, sauf, s’il sort d’un séminaire, qu’il sache le latin ; d’ailleurs je le suppose intelligent et ouvert. Si l’on se tient raide aux coutumes actuelles monastiques d’Occident, il y a un choix de trois réponses à lui faire :

(a) “Go find your fortune elsewhere; you are beginning too late”;

a)  allez chercher fortune ailleurs, vous commencez trop tard ;

(b) “We will receive you as a lay brother”;

b)  nous vous recevrons comme frère convers ;

(c) “Before entering the novitiate you will have to go to school for three, four, ten years.”

c)  avant d’entrer au noviciat vous allez vous mettre sur les bancs pendant trois, quatre, dix ans.

It is useless to stress how harsh and insolent these answers are. St. Benedict opened the door to him. With daily psalmody and patient studies he learned gradually the Psalter and the usual prayers. At the same time and after, according to his zeal, his capacities, and circumstances, he [the candidate] slowly began to pursue the study of Latin and other subjects. In the case of complete success, this will lead to the priesthood; others will stop along the way; finally, many will pray their whole life long the official prayer [of the church] more with the intention of their heart rather than with their understanding, like many of our religious women in the West.

Inutile je pense de souligner ce qu’il y a de dur et d’insolent dans ces réponses. Saint Benoît lui eût ouvert la porte. A l’usage quotidien de la psalmodie et avec une patiente étude, il eût appris progressivement le psautier et les prières d’usage. En même temps, et dans la suite suivant son zèle, sa capacité et les circonstances, il eût lentement commencé ou poursuivi ses études de latin et autres. Au cas de succès complet cela aboutit au sacerdoce ; d’autres s’arrêteront en cours de route, plusieurs enfin prieront toute leur vie la prière officielle avec une intention cordiale plus qu’avec leur intelligence, comme tant de nos religieuses d’Occident.

For all, however, there is a marked advantage, especially for the monastery and for the church in China. We should not be reduced to [the education of] young oblates, who are so slow and so difficult to train. The foundations will never be too deep or the cadres too broté-for preparing for China the recruitment of monks and, among them, of an intellectual elite rooted in prayer and doctrine. [p.333]

Mais pour tous il y a un avantage marqué, et plus encore pour le monastère et pour l’Eglise de Chine. Il ne faut pas nous réduire à de jeunes oblats si lents et si difficiles à former ; jamais les bases ne seront trop profondes ni les cadres trop larges pour préparer à la Chine le recrutement de moines et parmi eux d’une élite intellectuelle ancrée dans la prière et la doctrine.

Even if the division from the beginning of the novitiate between choir novices and lay novices has only advantages and ought to be put into practice in China, there is a general law that revolutions, abrupt revolutions even, toward the good are dangerous for the equilibrium and the health of a society. It is normal and good that the Chinese church should repeat in part our experiences in Europe, that it advance from stage to stage, that it not become immobilized within limits that perhaps only imperfectly suit it, but remain supple under the direction of holy church and the Holy Spirit so as to produce in the Christian garden its native flowers and fruits in all their beauty.

Même si la division dès le début du noviciat entre novices de choeur et convers n’a que des avantages et doit se réaliser en Chine, il y a une loi générale que les révolutions, les changements brusqués même vers le bien sont dangereux pour l’équilibre et la santé de la société. Il est normal [p.201] et bon que l’Eglise chinoise refasse en partie nos expériences d’Europe, qu’elle avance d’étape en étape, qu’elle ne se fige pas dès ses débuts dans des cadres qui ne lui conviennent peut-être qu’imparfaitement, mais reste souple sous la direction de la Sainte Eglise et de l’Esprit Saint afin de donner dans le jardin chrétien ses fleurs et ses fruits indigènes dans toute leur beauté.

 

Si-Shan le 3 septembre 1930 Frère Jehan Joliet (11).”

 

ADDITIONAL FRAGMENTS

 

 

DELCORT, 265-267

 

- 266 -

 

 

 

- 267 -

 

 

 

DELCORT 197-203

 

- 197 -

 

a direction which seems to him a regression, if not an impasse. But already he feels that the direction of Si-Shan escapes him, because, by not giving an answer, Dom Nève forces him practically to solve the problems according to the standards observed in Europe and thus finally to give the reply of a monastery European.

une direction qui lui paraît une régression, sinon une impasse. Mais déjà il sent que la direction de Si-Shan lui échappe, car, en ne donnant pas de réponse, Dom Nève l’oblige pratiquement à solutionner les problèmes selon les normes observées en Europe et ainsi finalement à donner la réplique d’un monastère européen.

What Dom Joliet wants is not to import from the West a “ready-made” monasticism applicable to China, but that China should start again on its own the Christian monastic experience, which it develops itself, from essential principles of the rule of Saint Benedict, a truly Chinese monasticism. It seems appropriate to reproduce on this subject a long reflection that Dom Joliet then sent to Dom Aubourg; it is dated September 3, 1930 and is entitled: Note on the studies and the distinction of the choir and lay monks in the Chinese monastery.

Ce que veut Dom Joliet ce n’est pas importer d’Occident un monachisme “tout fait” applicable à la Chine, mais que la Chine recommence à son compte l’expérience monastique chrétienne, qu’elle élabore elle-même, à partir des principes essentiels de la règle de Saint Benoît, un monachisme véritablement chinois. Il nous paraît opportun de reproduire à ce sujet une longue réflexion que Dom Joliet envoie alors à Dom Aubourg ; elle est datée du 3 septembre 1930 et est intitulée : Note sur les études et la distinction des moines de choeur et convers dans le monastère chinois.

- A significant reflection - September 3, 1930 -

- Une réflexion significative - 3 septembre 1930 -

Written in the middle of a crisis, this note, which Dom Joliet sends to his librarian friend at Solesmes, is worth quoting in full. Despite the circumstances, the tone is convincing without being excessive; on the contrary, the author shows hindsight and an analytical mind.

Ecrite en pleine période de crise, cette note, que Dom Joliet envoie à son ami bibliothécaire de Solesmes, vaut d’être citée intégralement. Malgré les circonstances, le ton est convaincant sans être excessif ; au contraire, l’auteur fait preuve de recul et d’esprit d’analyse.

 

 

- 198 -

 

 

 

-199-

 

 

 

- 200 -

 

d)   

e)   

f)    

g)   

h)   

i)    

 

 

- 201 -

 

 

 

Reading this note prompts some remarks. One may wonder if the distinction between lay and choir monks was indeed of purely utilitarian origin, and, if so, why and how it could have become an almost universal rule in Western Christian monasticism, without being challenged. for several centuries ... it is true that there was also a high clergy and a low clergy. Second, the reasoning that led Dom Joliet to refuse this distinction, during the monastic establishment in China, is purely sociological. He also carries great force of conviction and shows that the author has observed the customs of the country. However, we would expect this level to be exceeded by a reminder of certain benchmarks drawn from the Gospel. Is it for the sake of not moralizing? It is simply noted, and the argument is weighty, that the Rule of Saint Benedict originally did not include two categories of monks, but only one. Finally, it is remarkable that access to the priesthood is linked, according to him, to a certain level of education and dignity and not to a ministry exercised in the service of a Christian community, even if it is monastic.

La lecture de cette note suscite quelques remarques. On peut se demander si la distinction entre convers et moines de choeur fut effectivement d’origine purement utilitaire, et, si c’est le cas, pourquoi et comment elle a pu devenir une règle quasi universelle dans le monachisme chrétien occidental, sans être contestée pendant plusieurs siècles... il est vrai qu’il existait également un haut clergé et un bas clergé. En second lieu, le raisonnement qui amène Dom Joliet à refuser cette distinction, lors de l’implantation monastique en Chine, est d’ordre purement sociologique. Il porte d’ailleurs une grande force de conviction et montre que l’auteur a observé les us et coutumes du pays. Toutefois on s’attendrait à un dépassement de ce niveau par un rappel de certains repères puisés dans l’Evangile. Est-ce par souci de ne pas moraliser ? Il est simplement noté, et l’argument est de poids, que la Règle de Saint Benoît ne comportait pas à l’origine deux catégories de moines, mais une seule. Enfin il est remarquable que l’accès au sacerdoce soit lié, selon lui, à un certain degré d’instruction et de dignité et non pas à un ministère exercé au service d’une communauté chrétienne, fût-elle monastique.

 

II - UN RAYON D’ESPERANCE EN CHINE -

 

- Un sang nouveau à Si-Shan -

At the beginning of November 1930, Si-Shan welcomed Fathers Gabriel Roux and Dominique van Rollenghem. The group is now expanded with the five fathers, the novice Vincent Tch’en and the four postulants; so, as of All Saints, we began to recite the full service in common. The new arrivals brought with them instructions from Dom Nève: Father Roux was appointed sub-prior and Father van Rollenghem in charge of the school of oblates to be created now in Si-Shan. Father Roux also received an order from Dom Nève to arrest in Shanghai about sixty boxes of books intended for Si-Shan and which, according to

Au début du mois de novembre 1930, Si-Shan accueille les Pères Gabriel Roux et Dominique van Rollenghem. Le groupe est maintenant étoffé avec les cinq pères, le novice Vincent Tch’en et les quatre postulants ; ainsi, dès la Toussaint, on a commencé à réciter l’office complet en commun. Les nouveaux arrivants apportent avec eux les instructions de Dom Nève : le Père Roux est nommé sous-prieur et le P. van Rollenghem chargé de l’école d’oblats à créer dès maintenant à Si-Shan. Le Père Roux a aussi reçu l’ordre de Dom Nève d’arrêter à Shanghai une soixantaine de caisses de livres destinées à Si-Shan et qui, selon

- 202 -

 

the Abbé de Saint-André’s wishes would later be used for a foundation which he planned to build on the coast (12). It seems that Dom Nève was in his right to give this order since it was he who carried the responsibility of the foundation, however Dom Aubourg, Pierre Joliet and Commandant Rey, who had collected these books and had sent them to China, were offended by this gesture; in any case, this diversion does not ultimately succeed since the books are already in Shunking when the travelers arrive in Shanghai and obviously there is no question of going back. As for the issue of entry into the novitiate, Dom Nève demands that the applicants have completed their Latin studies to have access to it.

les désirs de l’Abbé de Saint-André, serviraient plus tard pour une fondation qu’il envisage de faire sur la côte (12). II semble que Dom Nève ait été dans son droit de donner cet ordre puisque c’était lui qui portait la responsabilité de la fondation, cependant Dom Aubourg, Pierre Joliet et le Commandant Rey, qui avaient rassemblé ces livres et les avaient expédiés en Chine, furent froissés de ce geste ; de toute manière ce détournement n’aboutit finalement pas puisque les livres se trouvent déjà à Shunking lorsque les voyageurs arrivent à Shanghai et évidemment il n’est pas question de retour en arrière. Quant à la question de l’entrée au noviciat, Dom Nève exige que les postulants aient fait leurs études latines pour y avoir accès.

All this is therefore not to arrange relations between Dom Nève and the Prior of Si-Shan, who is not enthusiastic to open the school of Oblates at the present time, especially since Bishop Wang has just installed since a few weeks a probatorium in Shunking (13). On the other hand, Dom Nève does not give instructions about applicants. Can we leave together lay and future choir monks for the postulancy period? In practice, a decision must be made: Father Hildebrand feeling unable to give lectures in Chinese, the postulants convers go to Father Emile’s lectures. Difficulties also arise concerning their taking of habit because Father Hildebrand who is officially responsible for them does not know them enough and therefore cannot take a decision favorable or unfavorable to their clothing. Finally, Dom Joliet writes to Father Abbé:

Tout cela donc n’est pas pour arranger les relations entre Dom Nève et le Prieur de Si-Shan, lequel n’est pas enthousiaste pour ouvrir actuellement l’école d’oblats, d’autant que Mgr Wang vient justement d’installer depuis quelques semaines un probatorium à Shunking (13). D’autre part Dom Nève ne donne pas d’instructions au sujet des postulants. Peut-on laisser ensemble convers et futurs moines de choeur pour la période du postulat ? En pratique il faut bien prendre une décision : le P. Hildebrand se sentant incapable de faire des conférences en Chinois, les postulants convers vont aux conférences du Père Emile. Des difficultés se posent également au sujet de leur prise d’habit car le P. Hildebrand qui en est chargé officiellement ne les connaît pas suffisamment et donc ne peut prendre de décision favorable ou défavorable à leur vêture. Enfin, Dom Joliet écrit au P.Abbé :

 

 

“That you dismiss any idea of trial and error on our part that would be rectified at your visit ... I thought that was precisely our role and the right way to prepare your visit. As for your rigid attitude on the question of studies and convers and your easy resignation to recruit us almost exclusively by a claustral school ... the claustral school is, for the present time and that one can foresee, in fact impossible, and we all agree on this. L ...]

“Que vous écartiez toute idée de tâtonnement et d’essais de notre part qui seraient rectifiés à votre visite...je croyais que c’était précisément notre rôle et la bonne manière de préparer votre visite. Quant à votre attitude rigide sur la question des études et des convers et votre résignation facile à nous recruter quasi exclusivement par une école claustrale... l’école claustrale est, pour le temps présent et qu’on peut prévoir, de fait impossible, et nous sommes tous du même avis là-dessus. L...]

I know the current discipline of the Benedictine order but I thought we were in China to adapt. Writing to the Delegate in 1927 you told him of the intention of a wide adaptation within the frameworks of the Rule, however. It turns out that in this case the adaptation to China would agree with the Rule and yet you rule out any attempt. We try well at Amay. [...] Gradually and always more you want us to copy in China what we did in Europe, to bring them an up-to-date edition, a ready-made garment, a modern frame of monasticism of the Western twentieth century, while it is much more in antiquity that one would find [p.203] the points of contact and suture between China and monasticism. [...] Believe, moreover, Father, that I will never forget before God your generosity which alone allowed me to come and try this poor test in China, and please bless your respectful son, brother Jehan Joliet (14 = Rey VII.77). “

Je sais la discipline actuelle de l’ordre bénédictin mais je croyais que nous étions en Chine pour nous adapter. Ecrivant au Délégué en 1927 vous lui disiez l’intention d’une large adaptation dans les cadres cependant de la Règle. Il se trouve que dans ce cas l’adaptation à la Chine serait d’accord avec la Règle et cependant vous écartez tout essai. On essaye bien à Amay . [...] Progressivement et toujours plus vous voulez nous faire copier en Chine ce qu’on a fait en Europe, pour leur apporter une édition à jour, un vêtement tout fait, un cadre moderne du monachisme du XXe siècle occidental, alors que c’est bien plus dans l’antiquité qu’on trouverait [p.203] les points de contacts et de suture entre la Chine et le monachisme. [...] Croyez du reste, Rme Père, que je n’oublierai jamais devant Dieu votre générosité qui m’a seule permis de venir tenter ce pauvre essai en Chine, et veuillez bénir votre fils respectueux, frère Jehan Joliet (14= Rey VII.77).”

The rupture seems latent, the heart is no longer there. In the postscript to this letter Dom Joliet draws up the list of points of disagreement, showing that the directives given to Si-Shan and his general orientation are in contradiction with the program launched by the declarations of Dom Nève and the articles of the Mission Bulletin . In the last paragraph, finally, he asked Dom Nève to grant “his successor” great freedom and authority (15). His intention is no doubt stopped.

La rupture paraît latente, le coeur n’y est plus. En post-scriptum à cette lettre Dom Joliet établit la liste des points de désaccord, montrant que les directives données à Si-Shan et son orientation générale sont en contradiction avec le programme lancé par les déclarations de Dom Nève et les articles du Bulletin des Missions. Dans le dernier paragraphe enfin, il demande à Dom Nève d’accorder “à son successeur” une grande liberté et autorité (15). Son intention est sans doute arrêtée.

 


 

[1] sTranslation of Jehan Joliet, Notes sur les études et la distinction des moines de chceur et convers dans le monastère chinois, 3 September 1930, reproduced in Delcourt, Dom Jehan Joliet, 197-201. The text was sent to Gaston Aubourg, librarian at Solesmes, with whom Joliet had been corresponding for several years.

[2] The Latin phrase, quite common in monastic literature, is vacare Deo, literally, “be empty for God.”

[3] Cf. RB 35.5: “If the community is rather large, the cellarer should be excused from kitchen service.”

[4] Cf. RB 53.17: “Each year, two brothers who can do the work competently are to - be assigned to this kitchen [i.e., the kitchen for the abbot and guests].”

[5] The central region of China, where the Xishan monastery, of which Jehan Joliet was prior, was located.

 

 


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